The Leopard an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

The Leopard by Expert Prof. Akademia | 27 Dec 2016 Presentation: Need exposition test on The Leopard theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue Risorgimento or otherwise called the Revival or the Italian Unification, is the nineteenth century progressive development, which joined diverse area of Italy into one landmass. This period is accepted to have started with the appearance f Napoleon and the finish of Franco Prussian War in 1815. It was fundamentally a socio political development which figured todays Kingdom of Italy. This time range was loaded up with masterful and actually types of patriotism which spread the soul of unification all through the landmass like fire, who advanced free, autonomous and a republic Italy, with Rome as its capital. The Leopard: The life of Sicily during the Risorgimento is prudently and strikingly clarified by the celebrated Italian writer, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, in his well known novel, Il Gattopardo, first distributed in 1958, and was later meant English by the name the Leopard. In 1911 he additionally served in the military, being devoted and brave in the war of Caporetto, he was taken in as a prisoner in Hungary. Later after his break, he went out for voyaging, getting familiar with remote writing, and it was in this period that he saw his first novel, the panther. It is accepted that after he wrapped up his novel in 1956, it was dismissed by the distributer; and it was a year later after his unexpected passing from lung disease in 1958, that greatness of his work was remembered, it was not distributed yet in addition won the Strega Prize. While some additionally accept that the underlying dismissal that the novel accomplished, wasnt in light of poor scholarly issue however was expected had its p olitical reasons encompassed with it. Undergrads Frequently Tell EssayLab writers:I'm not in the state of mind to compose my assignmentSpecialists recommend:Online Essay Helper Best Website To Buy College Papers Essay Writer Service Writing Essay Company Another story about the creator sees him as the last sovereign of the Sicily state, or the Duke of Palma, and cases that he composed this novel on his rand father, another Prince of Lampedusa. The story further goes that it was after the royal residence at Lampedusa was barraged in the Second World War that Tomasi sank down in extraordinary gloom, and it was in this fragmented condition of weakness that he composed this amazing novel, which is still recognized as progressive. The first title, Il Gattopardo, truly implies as the feline, which resembled a legacy for the creators family, subsequently holds incredible regard and respect for him. In the interpreted rendition, in any case, it has been named as the panther. The tale takes into account numerous authentic occasions which around then occurred in Italy, while probably the most significant ones incorporated the intrusion of Garibaldi onto the Sicilian coast, the Unification of Italy and the changing framework from gentry to an increasingly majority rule society along these lines demonstrating emotional changes for the individuals. A large portion of the novel has been founded on when Italy was experiencing the Risorgimento time frame, when the voice of Guiseppe Garibaldi, for the unification of Italy was on the ascent. The story begins to open when his military terrains on the bank of Sicily, and is intending to oust the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Be that as it may, the auxiliary plot rotates around how the political circumstance of the nation impacts the common individuals of the nation, for example, the highborn Salina family, lead by Prince Fabrizio. Donadio Rachel, in his article, distributed on 31 July, 2008, the New York Times, named as the Leopard Turns 50, while depicting the greatness of the book states, Sicily is the way to Italy, as Goethe once composed, and one novel is the way to Sicily: The Leopard, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusas gem. (Donadio, 2008) He expresses that this novel is the absolute best portrayal of the hours of gentry that this world has lost. Panthers hero, Prince Frabozi who is appeared as a rich aristrocrat of incredible information, position and economic wellbeing, a man generous with cash and customed to living by conventions. The tale discovers grave disaster in his life, when his preferred nephew, Prince Tancredi, is able on supporting the coming unrest, not through the simple enthusiasm of grasping the change yet for his affection for cash, status and position in the new creating society. In this way for cash and a fake life, tancredi weds at a lower place, only for cash; where Frabozi acknowledges how his government was at long last being over managed by the midle class easing back coming to control. He additionally talks the core of the novel which portrays the whole book delightfully saying that; If we need things to remain as they may be, things should change. (Ebert, 2003) The last demise of the sovereign by which he is left to cook his unmarried girls, his parting property and by and by the messed up government. This demise doesn't just speak to the pitiful dismisal of Lampedusas yet in addition denotes the end towards the government of Sicily. This epic is a portrayal of the evolving society, of how Garibaldis upheaval carried the whole domain to move its method of living and its customs as indicated by the new guideline. The perishing of the pronce echoes pf how a whole time had in the long run reached a conclusion with the intrusion, bronging his insight and profound quality all to an end. The story discovers its frown with Fabrizio understanding that even with his place in the general public he is powerless and can't prevent the change from immersing the whole society. It likewise paints the wide open of Sicily in a beautiful and striking way, which enables the perusers to envision the nation at the hour of Risorgimento. One of the well known expressions taken from the book which depicts the Sicilian fall and the ascent of new time is as per the following; This shouldn't last; however it will, consistently; the human 'consistently,' obviously, a century, two centuries... also, after that it will be distinctive yet more awful. We were the Leopards, the Lions; those who'll have our spot will be little jackals, hyenas; and the entire part of us Leopards, jackals, and sheep, we'll all continue thinking ourselves the salt of the earth. (Lampedusa, 1958) The epic was later in 1963 delineated as a movie by executive Luchino Visconti, and the cast included Burt Lancaster, Claudia Cardinale and Alain Delon. It like the novel was set in the state of mind of 1860, when Italy was presently unification, with the government reaching a conclusion. Nonetheless, both the film and the novel have been censured for being excessively frustrated by the Unification, and to be excessively doubter of its pessimistic impacts upon the lives of the individuals. It was accepted more as a progressively negative Marxist hypothesis who guaranteed it as barbarous and the Catholics were skeptical of its view focuses. For the most part it is taken as a target side of the story; anyway it covers the genuine parts of the history which existed in the lives of those enduring the upheaval. Lampedusa, regardless of had an imperial birth, brought into the world with a genuine silver spoon in his mouth, shockingly needed to confront the fall of his familys position; in this manner it clarifies his flight f outrage and melancholy observed all through the novel. He surely knew the political thought processes of pioneers as he had gone through his whole time on earth among them, and had the option to appreciate what might come upon them later on. End: Panther is a story which legitimately originates from the core of an individual who endured the loss of his realm; in this way it tells the story of a man who confronted insurgency at pinnacle and perceived how his life may change denoting the historical backdrop of another upset. References Donadio, R. (2008, July 31). The Leopard Turns 50. The article. The New York Times. Ebert, R. (2003, September 14). The Leopard (1963). Recovered from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/applications/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023&AID1=&AID2=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023 Lampedusa, G. T, (1958). The Leopard. Current Edition: Pantheon. ISBN: 0679731210 Chapter 4

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Khan had gone for a meeting with the association wearing the hijab, which didn't keep her from being recruited as she had consented to wear it on the off chance that it coordinated the organization hues. Be that as it may, a higher-positioning administrator detected her in one and suspended her following which he felt free to excuse her from work. In the judgment, US lead prosecutor Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers of Oakland contended that Abercrombie had conceded exclusions since 2005 which permitted workers to wear Jewish yarmulke, a baseball top among different exceptions she proceeded to contend that Khan’s clothing had not at all influenced the business. The lawyer discovered that Abercrombie had disregarded the strict privileges of Khan and along these lines granted her harms as much as of 48, 000 dollars. Likewise, the association was required to for all time drop any boycott that it had in regard to headscarves. In the settlement, the association was additionally required to su it diverse strict convictions and practices as long as it didn't endure any undue difficulties. Specialist non-attendance costing the economy billions Absenteeism among laborers has made the vast majority of the economies on the planet lose billions of dollars. This non-appearance ranges from short offs to long leaves from work. The paces of truancy varies between various working conditions and ventures, for example laborers who are on all day business terms have a higher pace of non-attendance when contrasted with those that are taking a shot at authoritative premise. What's more, government representatives are bound to be associated with more significant levels of non-appearance when contrasted with individuals working in the private segment. In Canada, the degree of truancy among all day laborers is a normal of 9.3 days, which speaks to just about two full working weeks. The pattern of non-appearance is increasingly wild among full time government representatives who are evaluate d to be missing from work about 12.9 days a year and private division laborers who are missing from work 8.2 days a year. It is assessed that in 2012, the Canadian economy lost about 16.6 billion US dollars because of laborers non-appearance. This pattern is probably going to proceed as the laborers age in the event that it isn't appropriately taken care of. A significant weakness in managing the issue of laborer non-attendance is that in spite of the monetary ramifications that it has on the Canadian economy, not exactly 50% of the workers track down the quantity of missing days that representatives have. In spite of it being difficult to think about the degrees of truancy between nations, the degrees of non-appearance in Canada are high contrasted with those in United States of America and United Kingdom. Age segregation in the working environment in Michigan Age separation in the work place happen when the business settles on business related choices based on age or treats the re presentatives distinctively because of their age. in Michigan, a few age segregation rehearses are unlawful, for example, sacking, recruiting or declining to enlist an individual dependent on his age is viewed as illicit, rewarding representatives distinctively dependent on their age comparable to advancements, compensation, information headway openings, advantages or preparing is likewise not permitted (Hulett, 2011). What's more, when a business promotes an opening in his association expressing inclinations for individuals of a particular age section is likewise considered as an illicit age segregation practice in Michigan. In Michigan, age segregation

Church State under Charlemagne free essay sample

Political, military strict variables prompting joining of chapel state, concentrating on life, profession ascend to intensity of first Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne. Charlemagne was the primary Holy Roman Emperor. This title represented the participation among chapel and express that guaranteed the Roman popes authority over the Western Church, and the Frankish heads authority over quite a bit of Christianized Western Europe. Under Charlemagne, King of the Franks, the impact of the Catholic Church had been unequivocally strengthened. Another connection between the Frankish rulers and the popes was begun by Pepin, Charlemagnes father, and Boniface, the popes legate. Their initial program of chapel change was extraordinarily extended by Charlemagne. Pepin had additionally given his security to the popes when Rome was undermined by trespassers, and Charlemagne proceeded with the convention. This circumstance brought about another reliance among chapel and state. Charlemagne applied incredible effect on the pastorate and on chapel practice, and offered security to the. We will compose a custom paper test on Church State under Charlemagne or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page .

Better Mental Health Care Will Stop Senseless Shootings Essay -- Gun C

Weapon control is a subject which has gotten exceptionally politicized. Emotional wellness is an issue that numerous individuals don't comprehend. The connection between's these two issues is one that many don't see. Shootings have been on the ascent and nobody can think of a valid justification why. That is the place these two apparently various issues become something that shares more for all intents and purpose than most can see. For weapon related brutality, and savagery all in all, what is a decent strategy for managing these issues and sparing lives? Psychological well-being care improvement or weapon control? To show signs of improvement thought of the two unique choices and what they may resemble, one needs to take a gander at the history. The history gives a premise to what has occurred with this specific issue previously and how that may identify with the issue later on. Psychological instability plagues one out of four American residents. Psychological sickness differs significantly from individual to individual. The range of psychological maladjustment incorporates numerous diseases including, misery and tension just as some progressively genuine sicknesses, for example, down condition. All psychological sickness assumes a job in how this individual is going to work in the public eye. These people have novel needs and individual qualities that need assessed for appropriate consideration. The early history of psychological maladjustment is disheartening. The conviction that anybody with a psychological instability was controlled by an evil presence or the family was being given a profound discipline was the purpose for the terrible treatment of those with dysfunctional behavior. These people were set into establishments that were unhygienic and normally were kept in dim, cavern like rooms from individuals in the outside world. The foundations were not just dull and gross; they likewise utilized uncaring types of treatment o... ...shington Times, 28 Oct. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2013. Leupo, Kimberly. The History of Mental Illness. The History of Mental Illness. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Pollack, Harold. What Happened to U.S. Emotional well-being Care after Deinstitutionalization. Washingtonpost.com. N.p., 12 June 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Reed, Samantha. How We Got Here: The History of Deinstitutionalization. Roosevelt Institute. N.p., 23 July 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Change Is Needed With The Mental Health Care System In America. Political News. N.p., 7 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Sanburn, Josh. Business and Money. Business Money Americas Gun Economy By the Numbers Comments. Time Magazine, 18 Dec. 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Sanger-Katz, Margot. Why Improving Mental Health Would Do Little to End Gun Violence. National Journal (2013). Contradicting Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Nov. 2013.

Edward Reighn 1042-1053 Essay

How viably did Edward manage the issues he looked during the initial segment of his rule, 1042-1053? At the point when Edward came into power in 1042, England was in a poor state monetarily and furthermore in light of dangers of an intrusion and this made the initial barely any long periods of his standard troublesome. Edward was confronted with numerous issues which he needed to survive. These issues included; incredible Earls, (particularly the Godwine’s), the international strategy and the household arrangement. Edward both fizzled and prevailing in these issues because of various variables. These incorporate an absence of information about his realm and some may contend that he was naã ¯ve in his choices. With some assessment, we will have the option to pass judgment if Edward was a fruitful King or not. One of the issues Edward confronted was a direct result of the frail position he was in: He had been estranged abroad for a long time in Normandy; in this way he had no i nformation on the English legislative issues and structure of the nation. He likewise had no solid political partners, for example, Earls and Thegns to help him with administering the nation viably and to everyone’s eventual benefits. Perhaps the greatest adversary was Earl Godwine; Godwine was a politically ground-breaking character as of now. Before Edward became King, he had aligned himself to King Cnut and wedded Gytha who was a relative of Cnut. From 1040 onwards, he was the second most extravagant man in the nation after the lord so in this way, he was in an amazing position contrasted with King Edward as he had solid political partners, and extraordinary information on England. Baron Godwine assumed a monstrous job in Edward turning into a King; he convinced the Earls to acknowledge him. This might be so that Godwine could command Edward in administering the nation or to persuade him regarding his dedication. In the early long periods of Edwards rule, Godwine exploited his frail position and got his relatives; Sweyn, Harold and Beorn the situation of Earls. His Daughter Edith, additionally became Edwards spouse in 1045, Godwine had utilized his capacity and power to get his relatives into solid position. Godwine was a â€Å"over strong subject† and Edward expected to neutralize this. To acquire power, Edward put Normans into amazing and key positions, his nephew Ralf was made an Earl, and huge homes were given to Bretons (Robert Fitzwimarc and Ralf the Staller). By 1051, Edward had figured out how to delegate Normans as religious administrators, and in the end half were filled by Englishmen and the other half by Normans and different outsiders; Godwine and English Earls abhorred this. In 1050, the Archbishop of Canterbury kicked the bucket and rather than Godwine’s relative Aelfric being delegated, he made Robert of Jumieges Archbishop. The witans upheld this choice, this may have been on the grounds that Godwine was in such a solid position, that different Earls were desirous. So overall,Edward had not been a finished accomplishment concerning picking up control over Godwine as he hadn’t figured out how to choose all the situations to Normans and possibly got one up on Godwine while selecting ecclesiastical overseer as there was contention between the Earls. Be that as it may, despite the fact that Edward had got one up on Godwine, Godwine was as yet liable for the homicide of his sibling Alfred. Godwine had captured Alfred and slaughtered a portion of his supporters, he was then removed from Godwine’s hands and however ready a boat where soon a short time later he soon kicked the bucket. In 1046, Godwin’s oldest child Sweyn snatched a religious woman and utilized her as a sex slave, when this was put to light he was sent into outcast to Flaunders and Denmark and his territory was shared between his sibling Harold and his cousin Beorn. As Godwine couldn't forestall this, its shows how King Edward had some control over him. In any case, in 1049 Sweyn returned in the desire for getting Beorn and Harold to help him recaptures the Kings trust, they would not do this which in the end drove in Sweyn murdering Beorn. Once more, he had carried out a wrongdoing, yet this was of universal criticalness as Beorn was the Kings sibling. This came about in Sweyn being proclaimed as nothing by King Edward and his guides, with his territories being given to the Kings French nephew, Ralf of Mantes. Again in 1050, Sweyn returned back to England and was shockingly exculpated by the King. This shows Edward was naã ¯ve and helpless in regard with settling on choices autonomously. The Godwine’s were an inconceivably compelling force in England, and Edwards activities show that he in unfit to keep them out of intensity for long. During Edwards rule, there was a major danger of England being attacked by the Scandinavians and Vikings. A portion of these individuals had cases to the honored position and needed to assume control over the nation and guarantee their positions. Swein had advanced for Edwards help in any case, Edward chose to receive the â€Å"wait and see policy†. This arrangement was non-interventionist and implied that he didn’t engage with different nations issues. At long last Harold Hardrada and Swein were battling for matchless quality in Scandinavia which implied they didn’t attack England. This brought about the Foreign strategy being a triumph. Britain was profited enormously as individuals were monetarily wealthier as they didn’t need to cover additional assessment, likewise Edward was getting increasingly autonomous in his choices with peace as his choices just appeared to effectsly affect the nation; during Edwards rule, England was not attacked, avoiding the circumstance guarded England. Edwards fame took off with people in general as they were setting aside cash which profited their families. Another difficult Edward needed to defeat during his rule was the household arrangement. Edward needed to choose how the nation required decision and what the best approaches were. On the off chance that he picks a disliked and improper approach the nation would be in a fiasco and he would get even less help which he urgently required as he was at that point in a frail position. As the international strategy was an extraordinary achievement, Edward had the option to change the local approach and canceled the yearly geld in 1051 which paid for 14 kept an eye on boats to be a lasting barrier for the nation, rather he settled on a concurrence with the Cinque Ports, (these were Sandwich, Dover, Fordwich, Romney and Hythe). In crises these ports would flexibly kept an eye on warships to protect the nation. This new approach implied that the open didn’t need to pay the geld however the Cinque Ports needed to guarantee that they were prepared for a crisis. Accordingly the populace turned out to be in an ideal situation without covering the duty, in this manner Edwards’s ubiquity drastically expanded placing him in a more grounded position. Edward faced a huge challenge with changing the residential strategy; it was both naã ¯ve and ground breaking. In the event that England had been attacked in Edwards rule it would have devastatingly affected the nation. Then again Edward increased much more help from general society; this fortified his situation as a King. Edward had prevailing comparable to the international strategy and the household approach. Generally, I feel that Edward was a fruitful King albeit a portion of his choices prevailing down to karma. Concerning the amazing Earls, he had the option to beat this issue as he got a large number of his confided in Normans into key positions but since there were likewise power battles between the Earls then in certain choices they bolstered him to debase Godwine, so in this way they were not trusted and solid partners to Kind Edward. Both the Foreign arrangement and the Domestic strategy were a triumph, they picked up help from the nation however Edward was unfathomably fortunate that the nation was not attacked during his rule. Edward was ground breaking in his choices, and became an effective King despite the fact that in the initial barely any long periods of his rule he confronted numerous issues.

PSA Ill be at Maker Faire Bay Area this weekend

PSA I’ll be at Maker Faire Bay Area this weekend I blog a lot of retrospective trip reports (see, e.g., ISEF 2016, IOI 2015, Maker Faire (NYC) 2014), but I rarely provide advance notice before I arrive somewhere to give a talk. Someone emailed to suggest this might be more useful, so Im going to try to do it when I can. So: right now, Im en route BOS - SFO, on my way to Maker Faire Bay Area 2016, where Im giving a talk about maker portfolios in our admissions process at 1:30PM on Saturday at the center stage in zone 7. It will be a similar talk those Ive given at Maker Faires in the past, but new to the Bay Area, and different from the one Dawn gave back in 2013. In addition to my talk, the MIT Alumni Association will be operating booth  55124  in zone 2, offering hands-on activities in coordination with  Project Manus, from: Friday: 1:00â€"5:00 p.m. Saturday: 10:00 a.m.â€"7:00 p.m. Sunday: 10:00 a.m.â€"6:00 p.m. Well have CNC milling and 3D printing demonstration going throughout the event along with projects to build a mini-wave model or a miniature MIT dome. Meanwhile, Professor Marty Culpepper, aka MITs Maker Czar, will be giving a talk about how MIT makes makers  at 4PM on Saturday, also at the center stage in zone 7: MIT has more than 130,000 ft2 of build/hobby space, about 2.5 football fields, to support classes work. We are augmenting this system via adding 10,000s ft2 of makerspaces that will support more maker communities, personal making and very importantly our growing entrepreneur maker community. If you cant make it on Saturday, you can watch an extended (and slightly outdated) version of Martys talk on the same topic at last years Alumni Leadership Conference. Butyou shoud make it on Saturday! Or Sunday, or tomorrow, or whenever, to check out any of the MIT things going on. Hope to see some of you there!

2015 One-year Top Performing Direct Plans Q3

Savingforcollege.com ranks the performance of direct-sold 529 plans. Direct-sold plans are those that consumers can enroll in without using a broker. We have prepared one-year, three-year, five-year and ten-year performance tables. To prepare this ranking, we compared a subset of portfolios from each 529 savings plan. We selected portfolios based on their mix of stocks, bonds and money market funds, which allows for an apples-to-apples comparison in seven asset-allocation categories. The lower the "percentile," the better the ranking. This ranking could be a useful tool for you when selecting which direct 529 plan might be right for you. Here are our 529 performance rankings as of September 30, 2015 for Direct-sold 529 plans. One-year performance ranking (click here for three-year performance table, five-year performance table, and ten-year performance table ): Rank State Plan Performance score 1 District of Columbia DC 529 College Savings Program (Direct-sold) 16.49 Enroll Now 2 South Carolina Future Scholar 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 24.07 Plan Details 3 New York New York's 529 College Savings Program -- Direct Plan 24.35 4 Michigan Michigan Education Savings Program 25.33 Plan Details 5 Maine NextGen College Investing Plan -- Client Direct Series 27.19 Enroll Now 6 California The ScholarShare College Savings Plan 29.24 Plan Details 7 Nevada SSGA Upromise 529 Plan 30.80 Plan Details 8 Tennessee TNStars College Savings 529 Program 31.39 Plan Details 9 Illinois Bright Start College Savings Program -- Direct-sold Plan 31.86 Enroll Now 10 Oklahoma Oklahoma College Savings Plan 32.36 Plan Details 11 Minnesota Minnesota College Savings Plan 32.50 Plan Details 12 Florida Florida 529 Savings Plan 32.66 Plan Details 13 New Mexico The Education Plan's College Savings Program 34.25 Enroll Now 14 Georgia Path2College 529 Plan 34.40 Enroll Now 15 Mississippi Mississippi Affordable College Savings (MACS) Program 35.05 Plan Details 16 Virginia Virginia529 inVEST 35.07 Enroll Now 17 Ohio Ohio CollegeAdvantage 529 Savings Plan 35.67 Enroll Now 18 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 529 Investment Plan 36.09 Plan Details 19 Hawaii Hawaii's College Savings Program 36.21 Enroll Now 20 West Virginia SMART529 WV Direct College Savings Plan 36.73 Plan Details 21 Louisiana START Saving Program 37.27 Plan Details 22 Wisconsin Edvest 37.88 Plan Details 23 Colorado Direct Portfolio College Savings Plan 37.96 Enroll Now 24 Missouri MOST - Missouri's 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 38.82 25 Iowa College Savings Iowa 38.90 Enroll Now 26 Kentucky Kentucky Education Savings Plan Trust 38.97 Plan Details 27 Utah Utah Educational Savings Plan (UESP) 39.81 Plan Details 28 Nebraska Nebraska Education Savings Trust - Direct College Savings Plan 40.53 Enroll Now 29 North Carolina National College Savings Program 41.08 Enroll Now 30 Nevada The Vanguard 529 Savings Plan 41.66 Plan Details 31 Kansas Learning Quest 529 Education Savings Program (Direct-sold) 42.08 Plan Details 32 Massachusetts U.Fund College Investing Plan 44.32 Enroll Now 33 Delaware Delaware College Investment Plan 44.40 Enroll Now 34 Arizona Fidelity Arizona College Savings Plan 44.46 Enroll Now 35 New Hampshire UNIQUE College Investing Plan 44.79 Enroll Now 36 Kansas Schwab 529 College Savings Plan 45.97 Plan Details 37 Alabama CollegeCounts 529 Fund 46.04 Enroll Now 38 Idaho Idaho College Savings Program (IDeal) 46.59 Enroll Now 39 Arkansas GIFT College Investing Plan 47.86 Plan Details 40 Indiana CollegeChoice 529 Direct Savings Plan 48.41 Enroll Now 41 North Dakota College SAVE 50.01 Enroll Now 42 Nebraska TD Ameritrade 529 College Savings Plan 50.68 Plan Details 43 Rhode Island CollegeBoundfund (Direct-sold, Alternative RI) 56.02 Enroll Now 44 Oregon Oregon College Savings Plan 56.20 Plan Details 45 Montana Montana Family Education Savings Program -- Investment Plan 56.31 Plan Details 46 Connecticut Connecticut Higher Education Trust (CHET) 56.50 Plan Details 47 Alaska University of Alaska College Savings Plan 58.38 48 New Jersey NJBEST 529 College Savings Plan 61.06 49 Texas Texas College Savings Plan 61.43 Enroll Now 50 West Virginia SMART529 Select 65.70 Plan Details 51 Alaska T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan 66.97 52 Maryland College Savings Plans of Maryland -- College Investment Plan 67.28 Plan Details 53 South Dakota CollegeAccess 529 (Direct-sold) 85.47 Plan Details 54 Nevada USAA 529 College Savings Plan 87.52 Plan Details - Vermont Vermont Higher Education Investment Plan NA Plan Details NA = Not Applicable = Program does not have at least one portfolio with sufficiently-long performance in a minimum of four asset allocation categories under our ranking model. The Savingforcollege.com plan composite rankings are derived using the plans' relevant portfolio performance in seven unique asset allocation categories. The asset-allocation categories used are: 100 percent equity, 80 percent equity, 60 percent equity, 40 percent equity, 20 percent equity, 100 percent fixed and 100 percent short term. The plan composite ranking is determined by the average of its percentile ranking in the seven categories. The performance data underlying these rankings represent past performance and are not a guarantee of future performance. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance data used. A plan portfolio's investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor's shares or units when redeemed may be worth more or less than their original cost. Investors should carefully consider plan investment goals, risks, charges and expenses by obtaining and reading the plan's official program description before investing. Investors should also consider whether their beneficiary's home state offers any tax or other benefits that are available for investments only in such state's 529 plan. Brokers, please note: For internal use only and not for use with or to be shown to the investing public. Disclaimer: Saving For College, LLC shall not be liable for any errors or omissions in this report. Users should rely on official program disclosures. For broker-sold plan rankings, click here. Savingforcollege.com ranks the performance of direct-sold 529 plans. Direct-sold plans are those that consumers can enroll in without using a broker. We have prepared one-year, three-year, five-year and ten-year performance tables. To prepare this ranking, we compared a subset of portfolios from each 529 savings plan. We selected portfolios based on their mix of stocks, bonds and money market funds, which allows for an apples-to-apples comparison in seven asset-allocation categories. The lower the "percentile," the better the ranking. This ranking could be a useful tool for you when selecting which direct 529 plan might be right for you. Here are our 529 performance rankings as of September 30, 2015 for Direct-sold 529 plans. One-year performance ranking (click here for three-year performance table, five-year performance table, and ten-year performance table ): Rank State Plan Performance score 1 District of Columbia DC 529 College Savings Program (Direct-sold) 16.49 Enroll Now 2 South Carolina Future Scholar 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 24.07 Plan Details 3 New York New York's 529 College Savings Program -- Direct Plan 24.35 4 Michigan Michigan Education Savings Program 25.33 Plan Details 5 Maine NextGen College Investing Plan -- Client Direct Series 27.19 Enroll Now 6 California The ScholarShare College Savings Plan 29.24 Plan Details 7 Nevada SSGA Upromise 529 Plan 30.80 Plan Details 8 Tennessee TNStars College Savings 529 Program 31.39 Plan Details 9 Illinois Bright Start College Savings Program -- Direct-sold Plan 31.86 Enroll Now 10 Oklahoma Oklahoma College Savings Plan 32.36 Plan Details 11 Minnesota Minnesota College Savings Plan 32.50 Plan Details 12 Florida Florida 529 Savings Plan 32.66 Plan Details 13 New Mexico The Education Plan's College Savings Program 34.25 Enroll Now 14 Georgia Path2College 529 Plan 34.40 Enroll Now 15 Mississippi Mississippi Affordable College Savings (MACS) Program 35.05 Plan Details 16 Virginia Virginia529 inVEST 35.07 Enroll Now 17 Ohio Ohio CollegeAdvantage 529 Savings Plan 35.67 Enroll Now 18 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 529 Investment Plan 36.09 Plan Details 19 Hawaii Hawaii's College Savings Program 36.21 Enroll Now 20 West Virginia SMART529 WV Direct College Savings Plan 36.73 Plan Details 21 Louisiana START Saving Program 37.27 Plan Details 22 Wisconsin Edvest 37.88 Plan Details 23 Colorado Direct Portfolio College Savings Plan 37.96 Enroll Now 24 Missouri MOST - Missouri's 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 38.82 25 Iowa College Savings Iowa 38.90 Enroll Now 26 Kentucky Kentucky Education Savings Plan Trust 38.97 Plan Details 27 Utah Utah Educational Savings Plan (UESP) 39.81 Plan Details 28 Nebraska Nebraska Education Savings Trust - Direct College Savings Plan 40.53 Enroll Now 29 North Carolina National College Savings Program 41.08 Enroll Now 30 Nevada The Vanguard 529 Savings Plan 41.66 Plan Details 31 Kansas Learning Quest 529 Education Savings Program (Direct-sold) 42.08 Plan Details 32 Massachusetts U.Fund College Investing Plan 44.32 Enroll Now 33 Delaware Delaware College Investment Plan 44.40 Enroll Now 34 Arizona Fidelity Arizona College Savings Plan 44.46 Enroll Now 35 New Hampshire UNIQUE College Investing Plan 44.79 Enroll Now 36 Kansas Schwab 529 College Savings Plan 45.97 Plan Details 37 Alabama CollegeCounts 529 Fund 46.04 Enroll Now 38 Idaho Idaho College Savings Program (IDeal) 46.59 Enroll Now 39 Arkansas GIFT College Investing Plan 47.86 Plan Details 40 Indiana CollegeChoice 529 Direct Savings Plan 48.41 Enroll Now 41 North Dakota College SAVE 50.01 Enroll Now 42 Nebraska TD Ameritrade 529 College Savings Plan 50.68 Plan Details 43 Rhode Island CollegeBoundfund (Direct-sold, Alternative RI) 56.02 Enroll Now 44 Oregon Oregon College Savings Plan 56.20 Plan Details 45 Montana Montana Family Education Savings Program -- Investment Plan 56.31 Plan Details 46 Connecticut Connecticut Higher Education Trust (CHET) 56.50 Plan Details 47 Alaska University of Alaska College Savings Plan 58.38 48 New Jersey NJBEST 529 College Savings Plan 61.06 49 Texas Texas College Savings Plan 61.43 Enroll Now 50 West Virginia SMART529 Select 65.70 Plan Details 51 Alaska T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan 66.97 52 Maryland College Savings Plans of Maryland -- College Investment Plan 67.28 Plan Details 53 South Dakota CollegeAccess 529 (Direct-sold) 85.47 Plan Details 54 Nevada USAA 529 College Savings Plan 87.52 Plan Details - Vermont Vermont Higher Education Investment Plan NA Plan Details NA = Not Applicable = Program does not have at least one portfolio with sufficiently-long performance in a minimum of four asset allocation categories under our ranking model. The Savingforcollege.com plan composite rankings are derived using the plans' relevant portfolio performance in seven unique asset allocation categories. The asset-allocation categories used are: 100 percent equity, 80 percent equity, 60 percent equity, 40 percent equity, 20 percent equity, 100 percent fixed and 100 percent short term. The plan composite ranking is determined by the average of its percentile ranking in the seven categories. 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Machiavelli on Religion Essay - 2299 Words

Niccolà ² Machiavelli thoroughly discusses the importance of religion in the formation and maintenance of political authority in his famous works, The Prince and The Discourses. In his writing on religion, he states that religion is beneficiary in the formation of political authority and political leaders must support and endorse religion in order to maintain power. However, Machiavelli also critiques corrupt religious institutions that become involved in politics and in turn, cause corruption in the citizenry and divisions among the state. In the following essay, I will examine Machiavellis analysis of religion and discuss the relationship between religion and politics in Machiavellis thought. It is important to establish from the†¦show more content†¦Among the praiseworthy deeds of Hannibal is counted this: that, having a very large army, made up of all kinds of men, which he commanded in foreign lands, there never arose the slightest dissention, neither among themselv es nor against their princes, both during his good and bad fortune. (The Prince Chapter XVII) On the other hand, he gives credit to Scipio for being an extraordinary man but states that Scipio gave his men more liberty than military discipline should allow and his own men rebelled against him. His tolerant nature allowed the wrongdoing of the Locrians to go uncorrected adding to his reputation as a leader who only knew how not to harm his people, but didnt know how to prevent them from harm either. This brings my analysis to the subject of religion and its relationship with political authority. Machiavelli feels religion is a double edged sword where an excess of it in government is harmful but the appearance that it is part of government is not only beneficiary, but necessary. Machiavelli writes that a political leader, Â…should appear, upon seeing and hearing him, to be all mercy, all faithfulness, all integrity, all religion. And there is nothing more necessary than to seem to possess this last quality. (The Prince Chapter XVIII) Machiavellis argument centers arou nd his assertion that having all these qualities and employing them at all times is harmful because a leader often has to resort to contradictory measures in order toShow MoreRelatedThe Prince And Discourse On Livy900 Words   |  4 PagesLivy, Machiavelli meticulously discusses the importance of religion in the formation and maintaining a political order. Machiavelli regards religion as a political tool used by political elites for political purposes. He argues that the appearance of religion is good while the practice of it is harmful. One of the memorable passage from the Prince that supports Machiavelli’s claim is when he advices the prince to not to be good, and the prince should cultivate the appearance of the religion if heRead MoreSigmund Freud And Machiavellis Role Of Religion And Society1368 Words   |  6 Pagesfrequently associate religions with them. The United States is mostly Christian. North African countries are overwhelming Muslim (â€Å"Global†). A cross the world, the number of religions possibly reaches the thousands due to various sects and circumstances. When analyzing religion, each example has different origins, but a general understanding of religion is necessary, and an interesting relationship between religion and society will appear. While one cannot define every known religion in a concise, comprehensiveRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Machiavellis Ideas on Power with Karl Marxs Ideas on Money1155 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: Two Word Count: 1000 Karl Marx and Niccolo Machiavelli are interested in two completely different forms of government. Yet both philosophers share many of the same key terms. They both understand the power and importance of deceit, and how it is gained. They also are equally opinionated when it comes to the subject of property and money. This essay will seek to explain, compare, and contrast Machiavelli’s ideas on power with Karl Marx’s ideas on Money. Marx believes that moneyRead MoreHow Machiavelli Takes The Religious Values Of The Current Time Period1545 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli spends a great deal of time talking about the need of religion in establishing and maintaining political authority. He tells us that religion can be a tool in establishing political authority and if it receives support from the political leaders, then authoritative power can be maintained. While he recognizes the driving power behind this, he differentiates between religion that can serve and religion that can corrupt the system. With corrupting influences, the citizens could potentiallyRead More Machiavelli Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesMAJOR THEME Machiavelli had a true and abiding love for Florence. He wanted to make Florence great and also find himself a job, as he lost his when the Medici family came into power. He dedicated his book on political science, The Prince, to Lorenzo Medici in the hopes that Lorenzo would be impressed and offer him a job. However, Lorenzo ignored the book and Machiavelli. The Prince is a didactic examination of political power, how to achieve it, maintain it, and expand it. Machiavelli does not takeRead MoreThe Relationship Between Machiavelli And Machiavelli s The Prince1075 Words   |  5 Pagesand turmoil, philosophers are able to give their critiques on government and human nature as a whole. Socrates and Machiavelli, both philosophers in what it means to be a proper leader and the role of the people within a society, share contrasting views. Machiavelli, alive during the time of great political turmoil in Italy, is immortalized through his writings in The Prince. Machiavelli was able to use what the political shortcomings he witnesses during his time period as a guide to deciphering theRead MoreMachiavelli And Humanism930 Words   |  4 Pagesrepublic. Machiavelli argues that people, particularly political leaders, should have flexible moral codes so that they can bend them when necessary. For him, betraying allies or betraying one’s own beliefs is acceptable, even beneficial, because it aids in making tough political decisions to maintain power. Machiavelli would not feel the need to fully align with one societal group, like Dante did with the White Guelphs or More did with Catholicism. Rather, he would see both groups, and religion in generalRead MoreThe Source of a Princes Happiness and Misery in Augustine’s City of God and Aquinas’s On Kingship and Machiavelis The Prince1459 Words   |  6 Pagesprince should rule contrast with Niccolo Machiavelli’s described The Prince. Augustine breaks down the true source of a prince’s happiness as revolving around God while Machiavelli focuses on the prince’s material lusts. In On Kingship, Aquinas describes the sources of a prince’s misery being suspicion, jealousy and lust. Machiavelli disagrees, saying those emotions makes a prince happy. Augustine talks about a prince’s happiness in book 5 chapter 24 in the City of God. He states five goals that doRead MoreThe Different Types Of Government868 Words   |  4 PagesThe three different types of government in this text are very different. The first of the governments with Niccolo Machiavelli did not believe a divine rule. The second one with Thomas Hobs believed that there was some type of divine rule. The third had Niccolo Machiavelli, he was a Florentine statesman and a political theorist, which is â€Å"someone who engages in a constricting or evaluating political theory and is used to describe and evaluate political events and institutions.† (DictionaryRead MoreThe Ideal Ruler Of Kant s Ruler1070 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies and is still asked today. In 1516, Niccolà ² Machiavelli attempted to answer this question in his work The Prince(Machiavelli 8). Centuries later a different view of an ideal ruler was proposed by an Enlightenment writer, Immanuel Kant. Although Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Immanuel Kant lived 250 years apart, both views have advantages and disadvantages in leading a country, Kant s ruler is a early model of a democratic ruler while Machiavelli s ruler was an ideal model for a absolute monarch

Bayes Theorem Definition and Examples

Ad Takeover. Jim Fowles’ Advertising’S Fifteen Basic Appeals

Ad Takeover Jim Fowles’ Advertising’s fifteen basic appeals , Fowles writes about how ads has many ways to appeal to the consumer. Actually according to Fowles there’s fifteen basic appeals to be exact. When Fowles writes â€Å"something primary and primitive, an emotional appeal, that in effect is the thin line edge of the wedge, trying to find it’s way into our minds.† In other words, Fowles is saying how advertisement works . The point that Fowles is making is important because something that has been around for years has made a major impact to society. The consumers have â€Å"unfulfilled urges and motives swirling in the bottom half of our minds.† This shows why Fowles is correct , it displays how advertisements have an emotional appeal to the†¦show more content†¦The interpretation of this is that ou have to â€Å"barely be a person to be even considered beautiful.† Society as a whole is send the wrong message to women with this con cept, women are more beautiful if your skinny but not to skinny. Women who see this in the media and are influenced by it will follow suit. In general, Bordo’s argument is as such fashison industry goes hand in hand with the media’s advertisements. Furthermore, Kilbourne’s argument is parallel to Bordo’s when she highlights when media plays a role in how women should view themselves. In the video Killing us Softly 4 Kilbourne shows how women feel judged by other women. Overall, Kilbourne’s argument is that women will judge other women. The reason other women will continue to judge other women is that , that’s how the media’s standards have become at this time. A women must judge the women who is standing next to her. Kilbourne goes on to add that society shows you that you have to be skinny in order to be attractive. In the video Killing us softly 4 it is shown how pictures of models in ads or commercials are being photoshopped. Photo’s of models being edited is important to show , society what a women should look like. The way women should see themselves how they truly are, on must be confrontable in their own skin. Women often compare themselves what the media and the fashion industry say is the fad. Media and

Impact Of Pre 1700s Civilizations On Africa And The...

Adriana Alicea 05/18 - 05/19 : 2017 Mr. Cardona Global History How did pre-1600s civilizations in Africa and the Americans, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? Pre-1600s civilizations in Africa, gain, consolidate, and maintain power by these 3 civilizations: Ghana, Mali and Songhai. In Ghana’s part, society was used as technology, trading and independance. In Mali’s part, Wealth was used for valuing survival, education, and money (gold). In Songhai’s part, Economics was used for controlling and province. Also pre-1600s in Americans, gain, consolidate, and maintain power by these 3 civilizations: Aztecs, Mayas, and The Incas and they all had different religions. In Aztecs part, Enterprise was used for resources†¦show more content†¦They valued money because they built Timbuktu, center of learning art which increased islamic influence in west Africa. Also they traveled with 12,000 servants was each wearing silk and carried gold bars, which we re given to poor people†¦.I think it was more of a donation which wa s great! Songhai helped maintain power by Economics because they used it controlling and province. They was controlling because they were the largest of the 3 major west african kingdoms. Also they took over Timbuktu to expand trade to Europe and Asia, time of great cultural diffusion. They had provinces such as a governor to maintain order, tax collector for money, judges like Mansa Musa, laws to follow and trade inspectors to keep track of the trades being correct. They had a whole government for economics for making sure they were secured. In Americans, the Aztec s helped gain power by Enterprise for use of resources and technology. The resources was things you use by hands like fishing, boats, trading and conquering neighborhoods. As they conquered, they grew in size making them hated by the other tribes. But there was some challenges that they faced was not having access to having that much resources they needed because the other tribe thought they owned the water. They had the best technology, which was obsidian and chert because they didn’t have no iron nor gold and this technology they used benefitted them to use as toolsShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Read MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesfirst document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two quasi-natural experiments in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, andRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages.................... 31 African Studies...................................................................................................................... 31 Literature (American) ........................................................................................................... 33 Literature (Englis h and American) ....................................................................................... 35 Literature (Medieval) ...........................................................Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesproblem is definitely the microorganisms. Now surely the rangers know that hikers are apt to try to sterilize water by boiling it. You reason that if boiling wouldnt work, the sign would have said so. Then you vaguely remember hearing that people in Africa were told to boil drinking water to prevent cholera, and you think cholera is caused by a parasite or bacteria or something living in the water. Could cholera be that different 5 from Giardia, you wonder. Thinking about all this you conclude

Brief Analsysis of Obama’s Change Campaign Free Essays

After the nation endured an unsettling two terms with President George W. Bush, it’s people were left with a bitter taste, so to speak. As a nation, we yearned for new discourse and needed â€Å"change†. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief Analsysis of Obama’s Change Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now Change was to be the underlying foundation for the 2008 Presidential Election campaigns, which created quite a nation-wide stir as a record number of voters made it to the polls. This was the very beginning of a nation-wide political change, which is evidently more than just empty propaganda, but is evident now through current new reforms. In 2008, Barack Obama pledged to redefine our nation’s political character through an effective campaign based on the philosophy of â€Å"change we can believe in† using the slogan â€Å"yes we can†. Obama hoped for a new attitude in politics, education, health care, and foreign policy among numerous other issues. A promise to cut taxes for 95% of working American families with an annual income less than $250,000 along with significant tax breaks to companies that invest in the United States were some of the aspects of his campaign. In addition, this rally for change promised to create 2 million new jobs to renovate the country’s infrastructure and 5 million new energy jobs. Obama’s campaign emphasized withdrawing troops from Iraq to end the war, increasing energy independence (New Energy Plan for America) and decreasing the influence of lobbyists and how business is conducted on Capital Hill. This new â€Å"national political character† would work to ensure that business conducted on Capital Hill between Congress was to have the best interest of the American people in mind as opposed to personal political agendas. These plans for change created a buzz among the American people. The newly configured 112th Congress, the current meeting of our nation’s legislative branch concedes that all these issues are top national priorities as well and have been quite responsive in effective ways to address the issues with the President. Though this is the first Congress in which the House and Senate have opposing majorities since the 107th Congress (2001-2003), implementing change through these agendas seems quite viable. This is evident through the new Health Care Reform that was recently implemented and depicts and shows this political hype of â€Å"change† to be an obvious buzzword, but to also have substance and depth with Obama’s current term. With the composition of the House of Representatives favoring Republicans (242 Republicans to 193 Democrats) and the new Senate Democratic leadership (51 Democrats, 47 Republicans, and 2 Independents) one may worry that legislative actions on Capital Hill could face potential â€Å"deadlock†, especially since the House has the largest number of Republican members since the 80th Congress of 1947-1949. But having a Democratic President and a primarily Republican Congress means that compromises most likely will have to be met in order to pass bills and legislations, and effectively and efficiently implement this â€Å"change we can believe in† and show the nation, â€Å"yes we can. † How to cite Brief Analsysis of Obama’s Change Campaign, Essay examples

Animal Farm Questions and Answers free essay sample

Jones will return if the animals choose to not obey what Napoleon tells them to do. C. ) The gun is used as a reminder or symbol of the successful fight they had against the humans. It is supposed to be fired twice a year to celebrate the Battle of the Cowshed and the anniversary of the Midsummers Day Rebellion. Chapter Five: A. ) Mollie is really stuck up and snooty and likes to be well taken care of and catered too with pretty ribbons and when she is faced with the hard work that she is being forced to do, she doesn’t like it, so she decides to leave. C. Since Napoleon pretty much sends Squealer out to do his dirty work for him and give the animals his orders, he doesn’t want any of the animals rebelling. So he places the dogs with Squealer to warn them that they could be killed if they get out of place. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Farm Questions and Answers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter Six and Seven: A. ) Because they are in short supply of things such as dog biscuits for example, so Napoleon decides that he is going to trade a part of the hay as well as a part of the wheat crop and will later sell the hen’s eggs. C. ) He begins by cutting off rations of their food and then if they decide to rebel more he orders them killed. In total, nine of the chickens were killed. Chapter Eight and Nine: B. ) Not only does he have his own apartment inside the house, he also has his guard dogs with him almost at all times as well as having a couple different names for himself. C. ) Except for Benjamin, most of the animals have no clue what the commandments on the wall say and Benjamin chooses not to say anything. The animals are all really naive and will pretty much go along with anything that they think Napoleon has said for them to do. Chapter Ten: B. ) The new commandment is â€Å"All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others†. This has applied throughout the whole book, since Napoleon started drinking milk and the pigs began to teach themselves how to read and write. C. ) Napoleon points out how all traces of rebellion have been erased, how the farm has been named back to â€Å"The Manor Farm†, and how the pigs pretty much own the farm. So he just points out the various changes to the farm that have been made.

Biometric System at Blackadder Recruitment-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Biometric System at Blackadder Recruitment. Answer: About the organization Blackadder Recruitment is a Sydney based recruitment firm. They are known in the industry for providing best manpower services across industries. At this point of time, the organization is using the old register method to record the attendance of the employees. With increasing number of employees, this is becoming a difficult task for the HR as well as the payroll department to record the in-time, out-time, leaves and half-day work of the employees. Due to this, the HR team at Blackadder recruitment has proposed to implement automated system (Blackadder Recruitment 2018). Plan and implement administrative systems About the administrative system Blackadder recruitment would be implementing biometric system to record the attendance. The biometric system would be directly linked to the payroll software. This will help the HR department to track the attendance of employees efficiently and also the salaries can be processed accordingly. Need of this system Initially, the team size of the organization was just 12 employees and hence, the HR department was easily able to manage the attendance, in-time and out-time of all the employees, but now, the team size has increased to 60 and it is expected to increase more with acquisition of new clients. To have a proper system in place, the organization should implement biometric system. The employees will swipe their finger as and when they walk-in or walk-out and hence, attendance tracking would become easy and at the same time, the employees cannot cheat. The system can accommodate up to 3000 employees and hence, the organization can implement this once and it. The cost of the system is $5000 to $7000 and this is a one-time investment. The maintenance can be easily taken care by the existing IT department in the organization (Oh 2013). Blackadder recruitment can consider the below two organizations for the implementation of biometric system. PeopleKey They are known in the industry for solutions that they provide with regards to time and attendance. They provide wide range of services and hence, in the near future, Blackadder recruitment can also expand the services with them (PeopleKey 2018). Biometix This organization has been in the industry since 1998. They have proven their capability with big companies with huge manpower. Apart from finger recognition, they also provide options like face recognition so that the genuineness of data is not compromised at any cost (Biometix 2018). Quotation PeopleKey and Biometix have shared their quotation with the HR department at Blackadder recruitment. The organization will have to make a sound decision based on their requirement. Cost/Features PeopleKey Biometix Product Finger recognition $5000 $4500 Product Face recognition NA $2500 Implementation $1000 $600 Maintenance (Quarterly) $1500 $1800 Upgrade (as and when new feature comes up) Free $1200 Training to employees Free $200 Suitable vendor After much thought and consideration, the organization decided to proceed with PeopleKey and few of the reasons are discussed below. The cost of Biometix is more than that of PoepleKey, considering the fact that they would be charging a fee for upgrading the product and training the employee. Blackadder recruitment may look for facial recognition feature at a later point of time, which is currently not provided by PeopleKey, but they would be soon introducing the feature and they would include it in the biometric with a fees of $1000, against $2500 demanded by Biometix In the near future, the organization may plan to automate the complete payroll and these services are provided by PeopleKey. The complete process can be easily integrated with biometric. Finally, the team at PeopleKey would be handholding the IT department through the implementation process and at the same time, they will also train the employees (Mallya 2014). Implementation strategies It is merely impossible for the HR department to implement the system all alone. All the team leads and managers would be called for the implementation and they would be communicated about the problems that the HR department is facing due to the register method which is currently used to record attendance. The employees are forging their in-time and out-time and also their leave record. The team leads and managers will accept to the fact that this is creating an impact on their productivity as well (McGorry 2015). All the team leads will communicate to their respective team about the implementation of new biometric system and also the advantages of the same. In the meantime, a team from PeopleKey would meet up with the employees to understand their queries and sort it. There are possibilities that the system may be down sometimes and may not record the attendance so in such situations, this can be rectified by the HR team so this training was also provided to them. The HR department communicated to employees about the problem with the old system and the benefits that they would reap by implementation of this. The organization will be paying overtime bonus to employees as an incentive and this motivated the employees to accept the change with open arms (King 2015). Implementation Plan An implementation plan would ensure that the system is implemented successfully and it is as follows: - Communication to managers and team leads about the implementation of the system Team leads sharing this information with the employees Formal introduction of the system, by the HR head, to the employees IT professional would be trained to maintain the system and also solve technical glitches The HR department would be trained to do regularization from the backend PeopleKey team would train the employees on the usage of the system (Ketelhohn 2015). Procedure for usage of the system All the employees in the organization will have to follow the below procedure for usage of the system. Every employee will have to register their finger in the biometric system. For doing the same, they need get in touch with the IT department. Once done, every employee will use this for recording their attendance. Every time they walk-in or walk-out, they need to swipe their fingers. Employee needs to check their attendance data on the companys portal on weekly basis. If they swipe is not recorded due to system error or missed swipe then they need to drop an email to their manager, seek approval and share the same with the HR department. Accordingly, the data would be rectified by the HR team from the backend. Communication to employees All the employees in the organization should be involved in implementation process and hence, the below communication would be shared with the employees. We are growing and its proud feeling for each of us. With growth, the organizations dependence on technology grows. To fulfill our requirement, we are implementing a biometric system for the purpose of recording the attendance. For the same, you need to meet up with the IT department to register your fingerprint. Once your fingerprint is registered, you just need to swipe your finger in the biometric system rather than that of being dependent on the old register method (Javalgi 2013). Training and support to staff All the employees in the organization will be trained by the PeopleKey officials on how to use the system, the advantages and also the benefits that other similar organizations have found with the usage of this biometric. The IT employees in the organization will be hand holded for the first 2 months while they do the registration, this will make them feel confident. Similarly, the HR department will also be trained to make modifications from the backend. If there are any technical glitches, the IT or HR department can raise a service request on the portal and the same would be addressed by the concerned person in maximum of 48 working hours (Huggins 2015). Risk with implementation of biometric system and also the risk management plan Risks associated with implementation of this biometric system and also the risk management plans are as follows. Risk Risk management plan Demotivation among employees as they may feel that the management doesnt trust them The management will explain the concern that the HR department and the payroll department is facing due to the manual way of attendance recording The employees will be paid overtime whenever they work for long hours If the employee wants to leave 2 hours early for personal work or due to no work in office then the manager can approve the same and no salary would be deducted for the same There are possibilities that the system may not work due to technical glitches or power concern The employees will have to record attendance in the register for few days The attendance record would be updated by the HR department from the The IT department would be trained to address the technical glitches so that the dependency on PeopleKey technicians can be reduced to a great extent (Hiziroglu 2013). Monitoring the new administrative system Criteria to monitor performance The criteria to monitor the performance of the system are as follows: - Time and efforts put in by the HR and payroll department to process employee salary The employees work timings The overtime bonus earned by the employees To ensure that the system is safe, the registration rights would be present with the IT department alone. Similarly, the right to rectify in-time and out-time in the system would lie with the HR alone. These credentials will not be shared with anyone else. Changing needs of the business Blackadder recruitment is growing continuously and hence, the organization would be soon implementing payroll software. At that point of time, the attendance software would be synced with the payroll software. The attendance will directly move to the payroll system so that the manual work can be reduced to a great extent. The biometric system is already synced to the existing intranet and it is capable enough to hold the attendance record of 3 years. To be on the safer side, the attendance of all employees would be recorded in the file on monthly basis (Hemphill 2013). Monitoring report and the change in business With the implementation of biometric system, the below aspects of business has improved. Employee satisfaction due to overtime pay Delay in salary is stopped as the HR department retrieves the readily available data. The employees attendance has improved as absence would lead to salary deduction The changing business needs which needs to be addressed by the management are as follows: - Implementation of facial recognition Implementation of payroll software Allowing the employees to regularize attendance rather than being dependent on the HR Merging the biometric with leave management system To start with, the management should allow the employees to regularize their attendance (Herciu 2013). Communication of change in system The communication that would be shared with the employees is as follows: - The employees can regularize their attendance rather than sharing an email request to the manager and then the HR. Please visit the companys portal, login and click on regularize option. Over here, you will see your existing time and you can enter the new time. Once done, click on submit. This would go to your manager for approval. Once approved, the revised time would be visible on your portal (Hunseok 2013). Mode of training The HR department will give face-to-face training to all employees so that they can understand the regularization process. After that, a video would be recorded and this video would be shared with all the employees so that they can view it, as and when required. Conclusion The implementation of biometric system at Blackadder recruitment will help the employees to view their actual attendance at all point of time. The payroll department can also easily complete the payroll without any errors. References Blackadder Recruitment, 2018, Multi Specialist, Cross Sector, Viewed on March 14, 2018, https://blackadder.com.au Biometix, 2018, Consult, Viewed on March 14, 2018, https://www.biometix.com/consult/ Hunseok, O, 2013, How can we assess and evaluate the competitive advantage of a countrys human resource development system? Asia Pacific Education Review, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 151-159 Herciu, M, 2013, Measuring international competitiveness of Romania by using porters diamond and revealed comparative advantage, Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 6, pp. 273-279 Hemphill, T, 2013, Chinas National Champions: The evolution of a National industrial policy or a new era of economic protectionism? Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 193-212 Hiziroglu, M, 2013, An investigation on competitiveness in services: Turkey versus European Union, Journal of Economic studies, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 775-793 Huggins, R, 2015, The competitive advantage of nations: origins and journey, Competitiveness review, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 458-47 Javalgi, R, 2013, Strategies for sustaining the edge in offshore outsourcing of service: the case of India, Journal of Business Industrial marketing, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 475-486 Ketelhohn, N, 2015, The central American Competitiveness initiative, Competitiveness Review, vol. 25, 25, no. 5, pp. 555-570 King, K, 2015, A disadvantaged advantage of walkability: findings from socioeconomic and geographical analysis of national built environment data in the United States, American journal of epidemiology, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 17-25 Mallya, S, 2014, Block Building Corporate and Nations: Global Strategy, SCMS Journal of Indian Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 11-19 McGorry, P, 2015, Australian early psychosis research network: National collaboration, international competitive advantage, vol. 202, no. 4, pp. 170-178 Oh, H, 2013, Comparative analysis of OECD member countries comparative advantage in National Human Resource development system, Asia Pacific Education Review, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 189-208 PeopleKey, 2018, Time and Attendance, Viewed on March 14, 2018, https://www.peoplekey.com/time-attendance/

Electoral College Essays - Electoral College, Faithless Elector

Electoral College Essays - Electoral College, Faithless Elector Electoral College The framer's intent of setting up the American Government will never be know for sure, but it is gathered that they preferred a republic over a democracy. In the constitutional convention the drafters had to decide how much power they would entrust with the people of the United States, and how much should be controlled by representatives. They chose to have Congress Make the laws, and congress would be selected directly by the people. But another branch of government, the executive branch, needed a sole president and the framers had to decide how to choose this president. They chose from three main systems: elect the president by congress, the people, or electors. The electoral college system has been in place for over 200 years and Americans are still not sure how it works or if it is the best system. Many Americans feel they go to the polls every year and vote for the president, and in the long run they are in control of the fate of our executive branch. This third system was to have electors that could not be a member of congress vote for the president. The elector system was voted down twice, once as the electors to be chosen by state legislatures, and the other time as the electors to be chosen by direct vote. Finally it was passed under the system of letting state legislature decide how to choose the electors. Another compromise had to be made about how many electors each state would have. This was agreed upon by the electors equaling the total of the states representatives and senators. States went three main routes in choosing electors: the legislative system, where state legislatures choose the electors; a district system, where electors are selected by the people of each congressional district; and the general ticket, or a winner-take-all system, where a popular vote was held in the entire state, and the winner took all electoral votes. Many have tried to reform by making a more uniform system state by state, but the constitution is very clear that it is each state's own decision of how to choose electors. The legislative system eventually failed because of too much bargaining, promises, and payoffs. The district system eventually lost popularity because it encourages third parties. This left the general ticket system as the dominating system. However, the framers originally intended electors to be chosen by the people and then vote for what they thought was best. There are two states that still use the district system, but the remaining 48 states use the general ticket system. Most all states no longer show the electors' names on the ballot. The voter votes for either the president or the party that they wish to hold office. This causes a problem of the unfaithful elector. Electors are expected to ratify the people's choice by voting for candidates winning the popular election. Electors that do not vote for what they are expected to vote for are considered faithless or unfaithful electors. This has not traditionally been a problem in the history of the electoral college but it could possibly be a problem. Less than 1% of electors have ever misrepresented their community. 26 states do not require an elector to vote for what they have pledged to vote for by state law. Although these states are still considered under the general ticket system. Basically the electoral college system works like this today. Every ten years the census figures adjusts how many representatives each state has. This number plus two, representing the two senators, equals how many electors each state has. Also, DC has 3 electors. Then each state has the right to decide how to select these electors. Forty eight states use the general ticket system, two, Maine and Nebraska, use the district system. The general ticket system is suppose to operate as follows. There is a direct vote election held in each state and the winner of the vote is suppose to get all of that states electoral votes. In Maine and Nebraska there is an election held in each congressional district. The winner of every district gets one electoral vote, and the candidate with the most electoral votes gets the remaining two electoral votes. Then all of the votes are counted, and if a candidate gets more than half the votes, he/she becomes the new president. If there is no majority then the election gets thrown into the House of Representatives. There each state is given one vote and they

How to Register as a Government Contractor

How to Register as a Government Contractor For thousands of small businesses, contracting for the sale of their goods and services to the federal government agencies opens the doors of growth, opportunity and, of course, prosperity. But before you can bid on and be awarded government contracts, you or your business must be registered as government contractor. Getting registered as a government contractor is a four-step process. 1. Obtain a D-U-N-S Number You will first need to obtain a Dun Bradstreet D-U-N-S ® Number, a unique nine-digit identification number for each physical location of your business. D-U-N-S Number assignment is free for all businesses required to register with the federal government for contracts or grants. Visit the D-U-N-S Request Service to register and learn more about the D-U-N-S system. 2. Register Your Business in the SAM Database The System Award Management (SAM) resource is the database of vendors of goods and services doing business with the federal government. Sometimes called â€Å"self-certifying,† SAM registration is required by the Federal Acquisitions Regulations (FAR) for all prospective vendors. SAM registration must be completed before your business can be awarded any government contract, basic agreement, basic ordering agreement, or blanket purchase agreement. SAM registration is free and can be done completely online. As part of SAM registration process you will be able to record your business’ size and socio-economic status, as well as all FAR-required solicitation clauses and certifications. These certifications are explained in the Offeror’s Representations and Certifications - Commercial Items section of the FAR. SAM registration also serves as a valuable marketing tool for government contracting businesses. The federal agencies routinely search the SAM database to find prospective vendors based on goods and services provided, size, location, experience, ownership and more. In addition, SAM informs the agencies of firms that are certified under the SBA’s 8(a) Development and HUBZone programs. 3. Find Your Company’s NAICS Code While it’s not absolutely necessary, chances are you will need to find your North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code. NAICS codes classify businesses according to their economic sector, industry, and location. Depending on the products and services they offer, many businesses may fit udner multiple NAICS industry codes. When you register your business in the SAM database, be sure to list all of its applicable NAICS codes. 4. Obtain Past Performance Evaluations If you want to get in on the lucrative General Services Administration (GSA) contracts and you should want to you need to get a Past Performance Evaluation report from Open Ratings, Inc. Open Ratings conducts an independent audit of customer references and calculates a rating based upon a statistical analysis of various performance data and survey responses. While some GSA solicitations for bids do contain the form to request an Open Ratings Past Performance Evaluation, vendors may submit an online request directly to Open Ratings, Inc. Items You Will Need for Registration Here are some of the things you will need when registering your business. Your NAICS codesYour DUNS - Data Universal Numbering System numberYour Federal Tax Identification Number (TIN or EIN)Your Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codesYour Product Service codes (optional but helpful)Your Federal Supply Classification codes (optional but helpful) Obviously, all of these codes and certifications are geared toward making it easier for the federal government purchasing and contracting agents to find your business and match it to their specific needs.   US Government Contracting Rules to Know Once you are registered as a government contractor, you will be required to comply with several laws, rules, regulations, and procedures when doing business with the government. By far the two most important of these laws are the aforementioned Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) and the 1994 Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA). However, there are many other laws and regulations that deal with government contracting. Government Contracting Procedures Briefly Each agency of the federal government conducts business with the public through three specific authorized agents, called contracting officers. These officers are: The Procurement Contracting Officer (PCO)- awards contracts and deals with contract terminations in the event the contractor defaults on the terms of the contract.The Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO)- administers the contract.The Termination Contracting Officer (TCO)- deals with contract terminations when the government chooses to terminate the contract for its own reasons. Depending on the situation, the same person may the PCO, the ACO, and the TCO. As a sovereign entity (the sole ruling power), the federal government retains rights that commercial businesses do not have. Perhaps most importantly, the government has the right to unilaterally change the terms of the contract, provided that the changes are within the general parameters of the contract.

Business report of Tesco Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business report of Tesco - Coursework Example Murcott (2009, pg 244)claims that the magnitude of the European typical market holds numerous prospects for companies wishing to upsurge their production, by making operational usage of markets of scale. The European Union’s food industry should also look to arouse innovation and improve new products so as to thrive. All this should be carried out in a way that is courteous for the environment and which warranties safe access to farming raw materials. Boyle (2007, pg 5) TESCO is one of the companies in the European market. It is a British firm which is headquartered in England, United Kingdom, where it operates around 1,878 outlets, and also operates stores in Asia and Europe. Tesco.com is an entirely owned subordinate offering a broad online service, inclusive of tesco.net and tescodirect.com. The firm offers a wide variety of both offline and online personal financial services. Earle, (1997, pg 168) argues that, there exist other major enterprises in the food industry located in Europe. These companies include: Kerry Group; Bakkavor; Unilever; Nestle; Barilla Group; Danone; Yoplait; Paulig; Parmalat; Ferrero SpA; and Swisslion group. To begin with, Kerry Group is a public food company that has its headquarters in Ireland. It operates in 24 republics across five continents. It has a workforce of 36000 people in its technical, sales and manufacturing centres all over the world. Additionally, it supplies 15000 and above flavour products, food ingredients and food to consumers in more than 140 nations globally. Secondly, we have the Bakkavor; its headquarters are in London, England. However, it is dominant in the United Kingdom than other places. It is specialising in freshly prepared foodstuffs and has thirty-two industrial facilities in the United Kingdom, over twenty sites in five other nations. It has a workforce of 18,000 with a turnover of 1.6 billion po unds. Rayner et al. (2008, pg 150) says that, another

Ethics In Criminal Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics In Criminal Justice - Research Paper Example In criminal justice, ethics provides for making moral choices in case of uncertainties in various situations or problems. In the process of criminal justice, moral rules are desirable because they provide reliable guides for application in various circumstances. In criminal justice, ethics provides the grounds for reaching fair decisions in terms of law and for the sake of the criminal (Banks, 2004). It is also crucial to understand that ethics in criminal justice involves determining right and wrong in terms of human standards. Also, these two perceptions arise from the influences from parents, society or friends. Codes of conduct are influenced by religious beliefs and the law. Justice in human experience occurs as a process that moves within three concrete circles. The personal context represents the individual sense of justice. This context has the responsibility of examining the right or wrong and evil or good in life experiences. The second circle characterizes the community context for justice. This circle comprises the physical environment in which justice operates: urban, rural or suburban. It also includes the people in this system and their interactions. In the society, criminals do not operate in seclusion. Criminals require victims and circumstances. Crime relates to social conditions and circumstances through its subjectivity to the criminal justice system and the law. The social context of criminal justice ethics understands the necessity for recognizing criminals, not after the crime, but also through the comprehension of the environment and conditions that force people into crime. The social context of criminal justice ethics also involves t he self-judgment of individuals in relation to others (Schneider, 2009). The third circle of criminal justice ethics involves the processes of criminal justice. This provides the only perspective for understanding criminal justice ethics. This circle requires the

Odysseus: Character Analysis

Odysseus: Character Analysis Odysseus Leader Odyssey Odysseus: a leader of past and a pioneer of the present era Odyssey, the leading character of The Odyssey is quite complex, fascinating and inspiring. Odyssey is quite dominant as a leader who is certain of his words and actions. However, there exists some uncertainties in his character which, at times, take the form of contradictions in the character of a great leader, overshadowing his true potential. Throughout the Odyssey, the lead character, Odysseus, has been presented as an ideal leader who treats his men well and deals efficiently with problems that are presented before him. Now there might arise a question as to how can the ideal leader be defined. An ideal leader has often been defined as one commands the respect of those being led, but also gives respect. He must be intelligent and cunning, and able to think logically with the intentions of keeping the well being of those under him. An ideal leader must have an ability to lead a military victoriously, but at the same time realizes as to when military action is unnecessary, and therefore must be avoided. Odyssey, at various occasions presents that he not only has attained these qualities but also demonstrated his keenness to enhance these qualities to the best of his ability. For example, Odysseus did not need to send his men probing the unfamiliar island, but still felt it necessary. This decision is one that had to be made, but given past experiences, the reader would expect Odysseus to choose otherwise, especially when his men felt hesitant. They were all silent, but their hearts contracted, remembering Antiphates the Laistrygon and that prodigious cannibal, the Kyklopes But seeing our time for action lost in weeping, I mustered those Akhaians under arms, counting them off in two platoons, myself and my godlike Eurylokhos commanding. (X, 217-224) Another instance when Odysseus demonstrates his leadership ability is when he is faced with the escape from Polyphemuss cave. His quick thinking and strategic approach gave him victory over the giant, two traits Homer emphasizes in Odysseus. Odysseus is able to lead his men to blind the Kyklops, but shows how no mortal man can be perfect, no matter how heroic, by shouting back at Polyphemus and telling him who had truly blinded him. Odysseuss similarity to some of the known leaders of ancient Greece can be used to express how Odysseus was presented as the ideal Greek leader. The first of whom being the democratic leader of Athens, Pericles, and second being Alexander the Great. Pericles was much like Odysseus in a sense of his ability to manipulate and influence those under him, a necessary skill in any democratic society. He was able to influence the other elected officials into believing what he wanted, and stemmed his success from that ability. Although not an especially admirable trait, the ability to influence men into what is needed to be done in the eyes of the leader is most certainly necessary, especially when it involves military authority. Alexander the Greats decisiveness is paralleled only by Odysseus, which is another trait that all strong leaders must possess. Another element to a leader that is often present is that of arrogance, as Alexander the Great believed himself to be half immortal, and he ld himself in comparison with Hercules. Alexander was even known to sleep with copies of Homers books under his pillow, and drew heavy influence from Homers characters, including Odysseus. At the same time Odysseus has been shown to be a complex person who suffers greatly on his return from Troy. As the gods challenge him with a wide variety of trials, Odysseus creates a positive influence for anyone in the ways he responds to each new test. In some instances, Odysseus shows himself to be a remarkable hero. In other ways, however, he shows himself to be a fallible human being – the true qualities of a leader. In other words, analyzing Odysseus throughout The Odyssey, one can see that Odysseus is a multifaceted character who displays both strengths and weaknesses. The epic hero of The Odyssey, Odysseus is a fascinating character full of contradictions. On one side he is eager in returning to his home to his faithful wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, whom he has barely seen. Then on the other side he is perceived also perceived as a person who sleeps and lives with not one but two beautiful goddesses during his travels. On one hand, he shows little remorse for his infidelities, while on the other he still hates the suitors attempting to court his wife. These contradictions extend even to his intellect. Blessed with great physical strength, which he amply demonstrates, despite his hard years, he has an equally keen mind that bails him out of many dire situations. There is no better improviser or strategist in Greek mythology, though the label attached is often cunning or deceiver, indeed, many Greeks saw Odysseus habit of lying as a vice and a weakness. His penchant for disguise compliments his ability to make up plausible stories about his background. Although Odysseus ingenuity comes across as his chief weapon, his weakness is the frequency with which he falls victim to temptation and makes grave tactical errors, none more so than when adding insult to injury to Polyphemes and revealing his true name (his main fault!). Still, Odysseus is aware of this flaw, and bids his men to tie him up when they pass by the Sirens, the paragons of temptation. By the end of his journey, he has learned to resist temptation, willingly suffering abu se by the suitors to meet his eventual goal of destroying them. However, temptation hurts his crew, as well, in their encounters with Circe, the bag of winds from Aeolus, and the oxen of Helios. Despite his occasional mistake, Odysseus is a courageous and just leader who inspires admiration and respect from his shipmates and servants; the faithfulness of his dog and swineherd after so many years shows this. The near-constant protection he enjoys from the goddess Athena (the goddess of cunning and wisdom thus representing his counterpart in Mt Olympus) seems justifiable for a man who has endured so many hardships, and cast away so many luxuries, to reunite with his beloved family. Odysseus is considered to be one of the greatest mythological heroic leaders. Not only is he presented as the model for the ideal Greek leader, but has influenced many other leaders throughout history, including Alexander the Great. Odysseus was a model for ancient Greek leaders, and still influences our views of leadership today, although we may not even notice it. Employee Turnover: Literature Review Employee Turnover: Literature Review Employee turnover refers to the number of incoming and outgoing workers from an organization or company. The turnover of employees can occur following a myriad of factors, such as an excessive workload, not having sufficient authority, low salary, or the inefficient facilities of the organization. This study refers to the problems of employee turnover. Suggested causes of employee turnover include: Job dissatisfaction A lack of employee rights Management gives the workload of two people to an individual (excessive workload) A lack of decision making power Poor leadership A lack of allowances, bounces or fringe benefits Preferential treatment of employees No future in the company (i.e. repeatedly not being promoted) LITERATURE SEARCH Now we will search about the literature we are required for the study of Employee turnover, I referred to different articles, books, online databases and found the following researches previously done on the Employee turnover. From a study I found that causal relationship is if and then statement for example If price increase then demand will be decrease. In other words we can say causal relationship explore the effect of one thing upon other. From the study four models which show the causal relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employee turnover. We study that satisfaction build commitment in employees. And commitment creates satisfaction in employees. We understand that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. If employees are satisfied by their jobs it will leads commitment in employees towards organization (Magid Igbaria,Tor Guimaraes,Journal of Management Information Systems,Volume 16 Issue 1, June 1999 table of contents) From another study we understand that the attitude and behavior of employees affect the organization outcomes and profit. We can see if the organization is not encouraging the employees according to their rights then there will be higher rate of employee turnover. We can say that organization behavior, employee turnover, employee satisfaction can affect profitability and buyer satisfaction. We collect data from different sources like employee survey, manager survey, and customer survey and from the record of company for showing that how employee attitude and behavior can affect the company objective. From collected data we can observe that if human resources works well then there will be fewer turnovers in employees and business results will be better. (Daniel J. Koys, Personnel Psychology, Volume 54, Issue 1, pages 101-114, March 2001) From this study we understand that satisfaction level and perception of employees about jobs can be examined by checking the behavior of employees and organization. We examined that if employees are treated well they have good image of organization and satisfied with their jobs. If employees are satisfied with the behavior of organization that organization treat them fair attitude then satisfaction level about jobs of employees will be higher and turnover will be low. (John E. Dittrich and Michael R. Carrell 1978, University of Colorado, USA, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Volume 24, Issue 1, August 1979, Pages 29-40) From another study we understand that mental understanding, economic conditions and concepts about jobs of employees are the reasons of employee turnover. There is need to develop a structure or system in the organization for making policies to build the positive image about job in the minds of employees that will reduced the thinking of employees about economic conditions and satisfied the employees to continue their jobs that will cause the results low turnover of employees. (Baysinger,Barry D, Mobley,William H (APR 1982), Employee Turnover: Individual and Organizational Analyses). From this another study we get understanding that employee turnover is a big problem and it is a difficult task for human resources manager to reduced employee turnover in asia.we study that the attitude of employees are not positive, employees having negative attitude, because they think there is shortege of labour and it is not a difficult task for them to find a new job thats why employee turnover rate is very high that is a big issue for human resurces manager in asia.we study that the employee turnover rate in singapore is highest among asia.singapore companies developed a good setup to reduced the employee turnover rate in their home companies.from the abstarct we find that there are reasons of employee turnover like low organization commitment, lacke of justice for employees, and hope of new job in the mind of employees. (Naresh Khatri, Chong Tze Fern, Pawan Budhwar, Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, pages 54-74, January 2001) From this study we examined that there is high employee turnover rate in private clubs and industries. It is said by management that the reason for this is that employees are leaving their jobs on hourly basis that leads to high rate of employee turnover. Managers of private clubs and industries are appointed to find the reasons of employee turnover. Because manager having vast experience in their relevant field they can easily suggested that what are the reasons of employee turnover. We find that it is difficult for a team manager to create positive environment in industry to build the image of clubs and industries in the mind of employees to control the employee turnover rate. (Naresh Khatri, Chong Tze Fern, Pawan Budhwar, Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, pages 54-74, January 2001) We do another study we get understanding that how employee turnover can be control.here 153 New Zeland companies are selected to determine their employee turnover rates.153 companies of New Zeland use the skilled based and grouped based compensation plan to control the employee turnover rate.its means that they compensate their employees according to their skills,experience and qualifications.we observed that if employees are compensate according to their rights,thet are provided bounses,incentives then the employee turnover can be reduced. (James P. Guthrie, University of Kansas, Group Organization Management December 2000 vol. 25 no. 4 419-439) From this another study we find that there is problem of employee turnover is discussed. We can find here how employee turnover can be measured in different situations and importance of employees in organization.employee is the backbone of organization. It is discussed here how turnover rate can affect the organization effectiveness to chieve its objectives.there is need to reduced the employee turnover rate to prevent organization cost. (Kevin Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian Wilkinson (DEC 2002), International Journal of Management Reviews, Volume 3, Issue 3, pages 219-244, September 2001) From this study we can find what the relationship between organizational change and employee turnover is. Organizational change means the environments are not suitable for employees and employees are not compensating according to their rights thats why employee turnover rate is higher. If the organizational changes are in favor of employees then turnover can be reduced and it is also important for manager that the turnover can be controlled. (Kevin M. Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian J. Wilkinson, (2004) Organisational change and employee turnover, Personnel Review, Vol. 33 Iss: 2, pp.161 173) From this study we get understanding 353 nurse leavers the hospital in the national health and service of England nad Wales.it describe why the nursing turnover rate is so higher in hospital of national health and service.its reason is that the understanding and image of hospital is not good in the minds of nurses thats why their turnover rate is so high.the analysis of this research is that how employee turnover rate can be reduced.it can be reduced by improving the understanding of image of hospital in the minds of employees.it is also benificial for management and organization that their nursing turnover can reduced and it will be cost effective for hospital. (Kevin Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian Wilkinson(NOV 2004), British Journal of Management, Volume 15, Issue 4, pages 335-349, December 2004) We do another study Here we find what kinds of expensess and how much expensess can be faced to an organization due to the high employee turnover.here we study that if any employee leaves the organization then organization have to face expensess like recruitment, selection and training again.and it will be time consuming for organization.if employee leaves the organization then it will be difficult for management to hire suitable and productive employees and trained him easily and guide him. (J. Bruce Tracey, Ph.D, Cornell University School of Hotel Administration  Timothy R. Hinkin, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly February 2008 vol. 49 no. 11) From this another study we observe that how salaried employees having share in development activities of organization.here we study conducted analysis of a survey through this we understand that 667 employees think that on job traing which is providing to employees positively increased the commitment of employees towards organization and create positive image about organization and will result in reducing the rate of employee turnover.so the employee turnover can be reduced through providing them job related training and prepared them for marketable place and improve their skills.promoted the employees and build good relationship to reduced the turnover rate. (George S. Benson, MAR 2006, Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 173-192) Here in this study we find that salaries issues and incentives are the reasons of employee turnover and low productivity. For this we collected data from 400 retail shop of UK.here in UK all the 400 shops compensate their employees on hourly basis, and there is no reward for workers on their productivity basis. When there is no productivity reward for workers then it create negative image. The employees who are productive will leave the firm and only low productive employees remains with the firm. When employees are satisfied with their jobs then productivity will increased. (Chevalier, Arnaud, Siebert, W. S, Viitanen Tarja, May 2003 University College Dublin. Institute for the Study of Social Change (Geary Institute) In this study we find that when the top management or leaders of an organization change the policies or structure at grand scale without proper planning or the frequency of these changes is high this results in high employee turn over and also cause senior employees to leave as it becomes difficult for them to cope with these changes as they have practiced old policies for a long time and are not able to change themselves quickly. (Baron, J. N. and Hannan, M. T. and Burton, M. D. (2001) Labor pains : change in organizational models and employee turnover in young, high-tech firms., American journal of sociology., 106 (4). pp. 960-1012.) According to integrative and expanded contextual model there are different variable which lead an employee to make the decision to stay or leave in an organization, it divides these variables in the following manner. Structural/Process Variables: Career growth opportunities, Rewards according to individuals performance, ease of communication, and finally the challenge involve in performing the duty. Environmental Variable: One environmental variable is that how much better opportunities are available in the market. Mediating Variable: What methods are adopted to keep the employee interested in there job. Demographic Variables: Finally the social (occupation, age, education, and sex) variables and there fulfillment. (THOMAS N. MARTIN, JR. Southern illinois University-Carbondale) This study discusses employee engagement behavior, according to it racial base pairing of supervisor and junior in an organization shows this result. At low levels where supervisor and junior are of same race tend to stay together in an organization for longer period as compare to supervisor and junior of different race, but at the higher levels of management members of different race tend to remain for longer period in the same organization. Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs | Marketing Essay Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs | Marketing Essay Research has been conducted on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory parallel to the theory of Personality Trait. Consequently, theoretical and practical implications of these theories have been discussed in regards of Chinese and Australian market. Trait theory focuses on the identification and quantitative measurement of personality in terms of specific psychological characteristics (Schiffman et al, 2011). Maslows theory of needs identifies five basic levels of human needs, which rank in order of importance from low-level (biogenic) needs to higher-level (psychogenic) needs (Schiffman et al, 2011). It provides an overview of the consumer market of China and Australia, as well as compares the products and contrasts them in terms of the different aspects of consumer behaviour of both the regions. This report also analyses the position an Australian exporter might have in China and the product it focuses on is tourism and how to market it to the Chinese population. Contents Introduction The aim of this report is to discuss the difference in consumer behaviour in China and Australia in terms of two personality theories the Trait Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory. China is one of worlds growing economies at the moment and comparing and contrasting consumer behaviour in Australia and China will help marketers decide what type of products they should concentrate on to expand and be a part of globalisation. It may even open up doors for Australian exportation to China for various products. The report explains the trait theory and Maslows theory as well as describes how some of the Chinese products relate to it in terms of consumer behaviour. This is followed up by contrasting them with Australian consumer behaviour and finally it discusses the opportunities for Australian exporters in China. Trait Theory Trait theory in psychology, as an approach of researching individuals personality, is prevalent in the field of management as well in terms of its relationship with peoples behaviour. Generally speaking, a trait can be considered as a comparably constant and stable characteristic that leads individuals to behave in certain ways. According to Gordon Allport, portrayed as the originator of the doctrine of traits (Zuroff D, 1986), traits are divided into three main categories: cardinal traits, central traits and secondary traits, which determine a persons characteristics in different levels. In the present days, the trait theory is more relating to the Big Five framework of personality traits, known as a robust model of acknowledging the relationship between traits and behaviours (Poropat, 2009). The five critical elements in Big Five can be recognized as extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness. Based on the association between personalities and behaviours, trait theory is broadly applicable to the study of consumer behaviour, especially in the aspect of culture referring to the global marketing. Different consumer behaviours are associated with divergent cultures which exert great impact on individuals personalities. Unlike the independent self-model that Western (especially North America) culture fosters, East Asian (particularly China) tends to be more collective between individuals and group members (Kanagawa, Cross, Markus, 2001; Yulia E Jeanne L, 2010), leading to different conventions and patterns of goods consumption. 2.1 Luxury goods Even not being in the individualism-asserted country, consumers in China are still under the impact of scarcity, which means they would pursue limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants. As the increase in purchasing power and divergent cognitions in brand of Chinese consumers, their demands for luxury goods have expanded in an accelerating rate. Luxury goods companies are expanding rapidly in China based on their forecasting global growth in the next 10 years. It has been reported (CLSA, 2011) that handbags, leather goods and jewellery are going to experience fast growth in the following several years; the fact is Chinese buyers have already been the biggest customers while Richemont, Gucci and Hermes also have large amount of sales made in China (about 22%, 18% and 11% respectively). 2.2 Cars Social status is a significant element existing in Chinas convention, leading the brand to be a critical consideration when choosing motor vehicles like cars. The consumer market research of Western multinationals in Asia comes to a conclusion that consumers in China are most interested in brands and trademarks (Backman M Butler C, p191-192). Although home-grown brands of Chinese car industry are increasingly emerging, the Western giants such as PSA Peugeot and Mercedes still have relatively more market share compared with home-branded companies in China. Chinese consumers tend to have more preference and confidence in famous-branded cars to show their social status as well as the wellbeing. 2.3 Media Products Personal and cultural values can be recognized as another important determinant in trait. According to Morriss (1956) Way to Live survey, the way act and enjoy life with group participation ranked in the second place, which means that Chinese people prefer to make group decision rather than independent one. Generally speaking, consumers in China are more likely to make group purchase of media products. To be more specific, the purchase of media products is not a simple decision to make for it is relatively large-portion spending of income in families. Given that an individual has introduced one preferable type of media products he has, counterparts (including friends, colleges and family members) are potentially to purchase the identical or similar product as well. However, the growing importance of self-valuation orientation cannot be ignored in the present years, which requires the subsidiary of multinational companies to get more emphasis on the personalization in designing their products. 2.4 Special Belongings Since the traditional cultural values, especially the god worship, have great influence on large amount of people, special belongings or so-called lucky charms are prevalent all around China. This product ought to be unique and meaningful to certain individuals. Under the force of convention, flexibility and performed to be local is a vital strategy to obtain success in such particular industry. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslows hierarchy of needs, also known as Maslows macro theory, consists of a pyramid of needs, where people move up the pyramid by fulfilling the levels one by one. It starts off with physiological needs such as food and shelter, followed by needs for safety, social affiliation, self-esteem, and finally self-actualisation. According to Schiffman et al (2011), consumers tend to satisfy lower level needs first and it is necessary in order to move up the pyramid. When the initial need is satisfied, consumers face a new need which is of a higher-level. This continues on until the consumer presumably reaches the top of the pyramid of needs. When it comes to products however, it differs from culture to culture. For example, a product may be treated differently in Australia in comparison to another country, such as China. For consumers, their needs motivate their future needs, so for example, if they satisfy one particular need that will stop existing for them and give birth to another need. This allows them to pursue another need which seems more important to them (Kotler, 2000). For example, if a person needs a new phone, he/she will go buy it. This diminishes his/her need for a phone so that need will no longer be pursued. This means the initial need has been satisfied. However, now the person may think that they need to buy a case for their phone. So he/she will pursue this need now instead which seems more important in comparison now because the first need has been satisfied (appendix A). According to some researchers, lower level needs continue to motivate consumers and cause them to buy more products (Engel et al, 1995). Since this report talks about consumer behaviour in China and Australia in terms of personality theories, it can be said that Maslows theory will affect the different cultures in similar ways when it comes to certain products such as a phone and/or its case. Marketers use Maslows theory to target consumers. Sometimes a single product can satisfy multiple levels of the hierarchy. For example, a necklace from Tiffanys will fulfil a persons social affiliation as well as self-esteem needs its a pride and social issue for the consumer (appendix B). In the same scenario, a jacket from Louis Vuitton not only fulfils a persons physiological needs, but also their social and self-esteem needs (appendix C). Some researchers have come to the conclusion that Maslows theory is not fully valid as it did not go through all the necessary empirical research (Churchill Peter, 1998). Despite these claims, many think that Maslows theory helps marketers. Consumers buy different products for different reasons, sometimes one product can satisfy multiple needs. For example, Johnny Walker Black Label, a brand of alcohol, not only serves as a drink, but also as a symbol of prestige and social affiliation (appendix D). China is a collectivist society, as opposed to Australia which takes an individualistic approach. When applying Maslows theory of needs, it is essential to keep in mind that in Chinese cultures, the consumers will react to the affiliation step differently compared to Australian culture. Difference in the consumer behaviour 4.1 Media With the changing environment and continuous pace of Chinese consumer market, products are very often being accepted by the consumers before it has successfully established its place in the market. Traditionally, advertisement on television helps a lot in gaining attention of the Chinese consumers. However, the consumers react best while they get a recommendation from someone close to them. In China it is still very high likely to get peoples response via television commercials whereas in Australia the response rate is higher in radio advertisement. 4.2 Personal Characteristics Considering the factors of the Big five Model, Chinese people emphasis more on the concept of Face which is the influence of others. They are more likely to buy expensive/ luxurious product to keep up their face. They would always go for branded items or try something unusual and expensive. Researches show that the most popular brands of China are Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Gucci etc. On the other hand Australian people look for something reliable and longer lasting. The trait theory describes about consumers different characteristics which influences their purchase behaviour. For instance, people in China are low in dogmatism and so they have the drive towards new launch. This reflects the idea that, whether or not they will make a purchase just because its the newest, most popular item available or because it is truly what they need and/or want. On the other hand people with high dogmatism will stick to the brands they feel comfortable with. Purchasing behaviour of a consumer is also influenced by the way the product is advertised by the marketer. It entirely depends on how the market identifies its potential customer. For example the Billy Martin and George Steinbrenners emphasises on both taste and its less filling quality (appendix E). Traditionally, Chinese people are more likely to drink with a gathering of friends and family. So they would not respond very well to this television commercial. To sum it up, along with all the characteristics, culture and social norms are equally important for a product to be successful. If the product represent the existing values of specific region its more likely to receive better response. 4.3 Maslows Theory According to the Maslows hierarchy theory income is one of the major elements effecting consumer behaviour. As wages are continuously rising from the past few years in china, theres been a drastic change in peoples behaviour. The basic needs are met, so people are looking forward for the upper level of Maslows hierarchy pyramid. On the other hand, Australians expenditure has dropped down due to few financial strikes over the last few years. So, the Australian consumer market is concentrating more towards the Physiological needs level of Maslows hierarchy. Marketing Opportunity for Australian Exporter The increasing westernization of China, coupled with the rapid growth rates experienced by a developing economy, has seen a marked increase in international investment within the Chinese economy; representing a global perspective of strong economic potential from such a large market base. The nature of the Chinese economys growth facilitates an increase in wealth per capita and allows for higher disposable incomes, which means that consumers have a greater ability to satisfy higher levels of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Tourism represents a positive marketing opportunity for an Australian exporter due to the dramatic social, cultural and economic change that has taken place, as well as the potential influence that this market base might have on the entire tourism industry (S Chen and M Gassner 2012). The China National Tourism Administration forecasts that by the year 2015, China will have 100 million international travelers (World Travel Online 2011). Providing a diverse range of all-inclusive package tours empowers Chinese tourists to make consumer choices based on their personal characteristics and values. Packaged offerings could take advantage of the gift buying culture in China by including specific shopping stages throughout the trip, helping to fulfill the social needs of Chinese tourists (M Chiang 2012). This differentiated approach to package tours not only provides Chinese Tourists with a greater variety of options, but also helps them to learn about the wide range of Australian tourism p roducts (D Buhalis and E Laws 2001). The marketer could also emphasize the importance and evolving nature of the relationship between Australia and China as a reason to choose Australian tourism products over other western offerings. Furthermore, since mostly the Middle Upper class of Chinese society will be the target market for the exporter; select Australian tourism products could be marketed as being luxurious or lavish, which can help to satisfy the ego level of Maslows hierarchy of needs. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be seen that the cultures in China and Australia are different as well as similar when it comes to consumer behaviour they react differently to advertisements and then to products. It is very important for marketers to account for this fact as explained with the help of Trait theory and Maslows theory of needs. This report also explains how tourism is a rising product that Australia can promote tourism to China as there is great potential for many joint ventures. It is important to also account for the similarities if the marketers want to get maximum advantage out of the consumers. 7. References Beckman. M, Butler. C, 2003, Big in Asia, p191-192, Martins Press, Great Britain Churchill, Gilbert A. Peter, J. Paul, 1998, Marketing: Creating value for Customer, 2nd Edition, Irwin/McGraw Hill (Boston) Engel James F., etc., Blackwell R.D., Miniard P.W., 1995, Consumer Behaviour, 8th Edition, U.S.A, Dryden Press D Buhalis and E Laws , Tourism Distribution Channels: Practices, Issues and Transformations 2001 Jennifer L. Aaker, Dimensions of Brand Personality, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Aug., 1997), pp. 347-356 Frans Giele , Chinese Consumer Behaviour, An Introduction, 6th February 2009. Kotler, Philip, 2000, Marketing Management, Millennium Edition, Prentice Hall (Upper Saddle River, N.J.) Meera Komarraju , Steven J. Karau, Ronald R. Schmeck, Alen Avdic, 2011, The Big Five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement, Elsevier, p472-477, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, United States Schiffman, Leon, OCass, Aron, Paladino, Angela, DAlessandro, Steven, Bednall, David, 2011, Consumer Behaviour, 5th Edition, Pearson Australia Pty Ltd. Sergio Picazo-Velaa, Shih Yung Choua, Arlyn J. Melchera, John M. Pearsona, Why provide an online review? An extended theory of planned behavior and the role of Big-Five personality traits, Computers in Human Behavior, Volume 26, Issue 4, July 2010, Pp 685-696. World Travel online, China is forecast to be the number one source of tourists by 2015, 1 April 2011 Yulia E. Chentsova-Dutton, Jeanne L. Tsai, 2010, Self-Focused Attention and Emotional Reactivity: The Role of Culture , p507-519, Georgetown University, Stanford University, American Yang Kuo-shu, 1986, Chinese Personality and its Change, p106-170, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong Zuroff. David C, 1986, Was Gordon Allport a Trait Theorist, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Cultures of Collecting: Pros and Cons Cultures of Collecting: Pros and Cons Why do people collect? What are the oppressive and the more therapeutic aspects of the ‘cultures of collecting’? The phenomenon of collecting is a universal feature of societies across the world. Current research recognises that museums organised over the last 150 years ‘represent all sorts of possibilities for exploring other times, places and ways of life,’[1] yet as Gosden and Knowles state, there has been little ‘in-depth’ research into the meaning and status of collections[2] . This essay seeks to define the major approaches to studying the phenomenon of collecting, and how these approaches have been informed by a historical understanding of collections that has developed over time. Particular focus will be given to a Euro-centric understanding of collecting and how collecting has been used to represent autonomy and preserve cultures which are under threat. Susan Pearce, from the University of Leicester, suggests that in modern post-Renaissance western society, museums are the ‘political and cultural institutions entrusted with holding the material evidence, real things, which constitute much modern knowledge.’[3] Pearce’s paper examines how and why museums are perceived to embody set knowledge and values, while recognising that study of museums and collections has three distinctive approaches. Firstly, each museum object and specimen can be seen as individual, secondly, there exists the professional care approach that seeks to better understand the mechanisms and motivations behind the collections themselves, and thirdly there are interpretive approaches which examine the nature of collections. Scholarship recognises that the inclination to collect can be most clearly identified to have originated in the eighteenth century (eg: Benedict, 2001[4]). Benedict identifies her study as an examination of the representation of curiosity, of curiosities, and of curious people[5], again like Pearce suggesting that the cultures of collecting are to be considered in direct relation to all three distinctions. Curiosity that Benedict argues lies at the heart of collecting was manifested in a variety of forms in the eighteenth century. In his review of Benedict’s book Dennis Todd writes that these manifestations can be seen in novels, satiric poetry and drama, journalism, trial transcripts, prints, and reports of scientific experiments; as well as in museums, exhibitions, and cabinets of curiosities; and in works by Shadwell, Swift, Pope, Defoe, Walpole, Beckford, Samuel Johnson, Radcliffe, Godwin, and Mary Shelley[6]. Collecting in early societies has been identified as being closely associated with exhibiting as a process through which to display a collector’s knowledge and education. For example, Wolfram Koeppe, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, states that pre-Renaissance societies had a taste for collecting the strange and the curious, and that this inclination had long been part of human evolution.[7] Suetonius (died 122 A.D.) records that Augustus, the Roman Emperor had his houses embellished, not only with statues and pictures but also with objects which were curious by reason of their age and rarity, like the huge remains of monstrous beasts which had been discovered on the Island of Capri, called giants bones or heroes weapons.[8] The desire to showcase collections as symbols of power, knowledge and authority has meant that some collections have tended to possess less artistic merit and are more assertive and thus oppressive in their content and organisation. For example, Afric an museum contents have proven to be a strong area for museum researchers to focus on. The Scramble for Art in Central Africa is a study of a group of collectors, such as Torday, Frobenius and Schweinfurth, who worked in the Belgian Congo at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and were interested in how objects such as carved figures or metal items reflected local social forms. As Gosden and Knowles explain, ‘this is a process by which Africa was invented for the West, arriving back in the northern hemisphere stripped of context and presented in private collections and museums so as to create particular impressions of African tribalism and designs.’[9] By removing objects from their original context and moving them to suit the commercial and social aspirations of a very different culture, the objects’ meaning is thus obscured and essentially altered. Although collecting objects in this way can, in some cases, preserve the existence of the objects, the motives behind the desire to possess the objects in the first instance are questionable. Many collectors in early twentieth-century England were unscrupulous in their acquirement and handling of unusual and collectable items. For example, the archaeologist and antiquarian collector known as Edward Cunnington developed a poor reputation for removing objects that he particularly ‘liked’ and keeping them at his own premises[10]. Benedict highlights the phenomenon of collecting to be intrinsically linked to ambition both personal and national, often with hegemonic motivation. In the eighteenth century, curiosity was associated with an ‘empirical bent of mind’ in relation to new social opportunities and a new commercial culture that echoed ‘curiositys desire for novelty and for the personal, intellectual, and moral development.’[11] Todd writes that collecting ‘had an air of menace’: that ‘in its restless exploration of new realities, curiosity was dangerous, subversive [..] By definition, it was motivated by a discontent with what one knew or with what one was. Its essence was ambition.’[12] It is the opinions of many scholars that European countries have attempted to build strongholds for themselves by using collections to their economic and imperialistic advantage, thus asserting their independence from, and authority over, other countries. Cultural imper ialism as constructed through Eurocentric means of production, imbued with Western ideologies, has resulted in biased interpretations of historical events. This means that ways of representing and exhibiting material can often tend to favour and reinforce historical events which place Western societies in a strong and favourable light, focussing less on historical events or material that suggests otherwise. In Photography, as suggested by Mark Sealy Director of ‘Autograph’, the Association of Black Photographers a ‘Eurocentric hierarchy’ has developed from ‘the propagation of canonical figures to sustain hegemonic control across the cultural and commercial industries.’[13] Sealy highlights Photography and the associated control of the distribution of images as being a ‘vital component in the execution of Western, colonial policies, especially in relation to extreme, exploitative and aggressive imperial desires that endorsed systems such as slavery, suppression of tribal peoples and national independence movements.’[14] Although in the more obvious cases such as British photography of African culture this approach may be valid, the view that Eurocentric hegemonic control is all-pervading is damaging to the artistic credibility of collections which seek only to further and sustain the culture that they represent. Understanding the phenomenon of collecting as a means of preserving and repatriating heritage can afford a more insightful perspective on the motivations of collections. In present cultures across the world the impulse to collect grows stronger in light of fading cultural distinctions and the spread of Westernised society. With a shrinking island of opportunity for indigenous cultures to reassert their position and maintain their existence in specific geographical areas or types of landscape, collections can become celebrations of originality and uniqueness that is consistently threatened by the universality and uniformity of Western ideals. Collecting becomes a near-desperate attempt to keep hold of livelihoods and traditional ways of life. A good example of a culture under threat is the Cree Indians of Moosonee, Canada, whose ‘Cree Village’ reconstruction offers tourists the opportunity to see a history of 300 years of the fur trade history. However, such museums can o ften fall short of Western expectations, being overpriced or poorly organised[15]. Kylie Message in her 2007 publication, New Museums and the Making of Culture, speaks of the term ‘survivance’; meaning ‘more than survival [..] raising our social and political consciousness.’[16] As a way of defending against the threatening spread of Western living, a museum called the National Museum of the North American Indian in Washington, DC has exhibits which actively try to erase the stamp of Euro-centric Imperialism on its culture. Opened in 2004 the museum was developed collaboratively between architecture groups and Native American Indians, with the main exhibits integrating religious, mythical themes and a series of displays created by diverse communities.[17] These include a welcome wall that spells the word ‘welcome’ in hundreds of native languages, objects, stories; all put together with the universal goal of political advocacy and the need to pr omote cultural rights. In contrast to the socio-political aspirations of indigenous cultures, the therapeutic qualities of collecting or collections are noted by Lois Silverman to include significant benefits or positive changes for individuals or groups. Participating in programme activities at museums can offer the chance to ‘experience’ the problems and demands of lifestyles over time, and can be related to one’s own difficulties. Being able to observe the shapes, forms, and meanings of certain arrangements of objects can offer revelatory experiences, and afford the psychological space to better endure one’s own difficulties, while promoting positive change[18]. This phenomenon although only recently qualified as such has long been a feature of the museum experience. For example, in his essay On Experience, Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) reflects: For in my opinion, the most ordinary things, the most common and familiar, if we could see them in their true light, woul d turn out to be the grandest miracles of nature and the most marvellous examples, especially as regards the subject of the action of men.[19] The role of memory in the understanding of cultural heritage is also closely linked to the therapeutic aspect of museum experience. Programmed events or tours are designed to dispel feelings of disassociation and to help the viewer engage with what they see rather than view it as a relic or something that bears little relation to themselves or their understanding of the world. Such an experience can precipitate remembrance of past events in the viewer’s own life that can help them to come to terms or better cope with life-threatening illnesses and behavioural health issues. In conclusion, the notion of collecting is a diverse concept, our understanding of which is often historically informed. Contemporary understandings of collections and collecting involve forays into the therapeutic and psychological effects of collections which can be experienced by the viewer. Caution must be exercised in the study of Western representations and interpretations of foreign cultures: although, arguably, it is already too late, as Imperialist ideals are entrenched in the Western methods of design, portrayal and interpretation of ‘other’ cultures. It is a stirring thought that Eurocentric ideology has had such a damaging effect on the welfare and existence of other cultures. As Sealy so keenly expressed ‘the greater Africa’s exposure through the lens of European anthropologists, the greater was Africa’s cultural erasure.’[20] Since the eighteenth century understandings of the collector have changed from the image of the dusty anti quarian, to the more diverse and culturally aware motivation to collect that places socio-political aspirations at the forefront of collections. These understandings of collecting continue to be discussed by scholars today, and continue to develop according to changing social and academic trends. Bibliography Anderson, M.L., 1999, ‘Museums of the Future: The Impact of Technology on Museum Practices.’ Daedalus. Vol 128. Issue: 3. 129. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Benedict, B.M., 2001, A Cultural History of Early Modern Enquiry. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press Bennett,T. 1995 The Birth of the Museum :History,Theory,Politics . Ch 2 The Evolutionary Complex Dean, D., 1996, Museum Exhibition: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge Gosden, C., and Knowles, C., 2001, Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change. New York: Berg Hooper-Greenhill, E., 1995, Museum, Media Message. New York: Routledge Jameson, F., 1991, Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham:: Duke University Press Koeppe, W. Collecting for the Kunstkammer . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Available from: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kuns/hd_kuns.htm  [Accessed 31/10/08] Krauss,R., 2004, ‘The Cultural Logic of the Late Capitalist Museum,’ reprinted in D.Preziosi and C.Farago eds Grasping the World, pp. 600-611 Message, K., 2007, New Museums and the Making of Culture. Berg Publishers. Miles, R., and Zavala, L. (eds), 1994, Towards the Museum of the Future: New European Perspectives. New York: Routledge Millgate, M., 2004, Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. New York: Oxford University Press Pearce, S., ’Studying Museum Material and Collections,’ International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol 1, Issue 1, (1994), pp.30-39 Salloum, H., ‘Among the Cree Indians of Canada.’ COntemporayr Review, (Jan, 1998). [online]. Available from:  BNET http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1584_v272/ai_20539966/pg_4  [Accessed 31/10/08] Sealy, M., 2007, ‘White Noise Photography and Visual Power.’ [online[. Available from:  http://thedemocraticimage.opendemocracy.net/participate-blog-for-us/  [Accessed 31/10/08] Sherman, D., and Rogoff, I., 1994, Museum Culture: Histories, Discourses, Spectacles. London Routledge Silverman, LH., ‘The Therapeutic Potential of Museums as Pathways to Inclusion.’ In Sandall, R., 2002, Museums, Society, Inequality. London: Routledge Todd, D., 2002, ‘Curiosity: A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry.’ Criticism. Vol 44. 2. P. 189+. Wayne State University Press Witcomb, A., 2003, Re-Imagining the Museum: Beyond the Mausoleum. New York: Routledge 1 Footnotes [1] Gosden, C., and Knowles, C., 2001, Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change. New York: Berg, p.49. [2] Ibid. [3] Pearce, S., ’Studying Museum Material and Collections,’ International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol 1, Issue 1, (1994), pp.30-39 [4] Benedict, B.M., 2001, A Cultural History of Early Modern Enquiry. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, p.1. [5] Ibid. [6] Todd, D., 2002, ‘Curiosity: A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry.’ Criticism, Vol. 44, p.189. [7] Koeppe, W., Collecting for the Kunstkammer . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Available from: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kuns/hd_kuns.htm [Accessed 31/10/08] [8] Ibid. [9] Gosden, C., and Knowles, C., 2001, Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change. New York: Berg, p.49. [10] See Michael Millgate, 2004, Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. New York: Oxford University Press, p.227. [11] Todd, 2002, p.189. [12] Ibid. [13] Sealy, M., 2007, ‘White Noise Photography and Visual Power.’ [online[. Available from:http://thedemocraticimage.opendemocracy.net/participate-blog-for-us/[Accessed 31/10/08] [14] Ibid. [15] See Salloum’s article ‘Among the Cree Indians of Canada.’ Contemporary Review, (Jan, 1998). [online]. Available from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1584_v272/ai_20539966/pg_4[Accessed 31/10/08]. [16] Message, K., 2007, New Museums and the Making of Culture. Berg Publishers. [17] Ibid. [18] Silverman, LH., ‘The Therapeutic Potential of Museums as Pathways to Inclusion.’ In Sandall, R., 2002, Museums, Society, Inequality. London: Routledge, pp.69-78. [19] Cited in Koeppe, 2000. [20] Sealy, M., 2007, ‘White Noise Photography and Visual Power.’ [online[. Available from:http://thedemocraticimage.opendemocracy.net/participate-blog-for-us/[Accessed 31/10/08].