TABLE OF CONTENTS Essays (898 words) - Agronomy, Farmer, Agriculture

TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Transmittal..................................................... iii I. Introduction............................................... 1 II. Five Careers for a Graduate of Agricultural Studies. 1 A. Self-Employed Farmer............................ 1 B. Sales (Equipment, Chemical, Seed)............. 1 C. Ground Truthing Manager........................ 1 D. Teacher.............................................. 2 E. Farm Manager...................................... 2 III. Summary................................................... 2 Works Cited............................................................... 3 iv I. Introduction Agriculture is a vast and expanding world for many people here in the mid-west. This is not a career to be taken lightly, since it has it's ever-changing highs and lows; which attract people and also discourage them too. Deciding what a graduate wants to do in agriculture is a difficult process, I know since I am in the process right now. Some of the following careers are ones that I am more familiar with since I have been around most of them. The following jobs: Self-employed farmer, sales (equipment, chemical, and seed), district research manager, teacher, and farm manager are a few options of a new college graduate. Below are the descriptions of each. II. Five Careers for a Graduate of Agricultural Studies In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the five jobs selected that a new graduate in agriculture may want to follow to upstart his career. A. Self-Employed Farmer A self-employed farmer is one that you see out in the field early in the morning and late at night. He does not work for a large company growing crops for them; he grows them for him to sell. The farmer's main goal is to raise the most productive crop he can, earning the best profit available, and working with the land to keep it sustainable condition. A variety of crops can be grown, and animals can be raised too. This is a job that one must truly love and be devoted to for if one is not then many things can go wrong and they will not succeed. B. Sales (Equipment, Chemical, Seed) A sales person is a person who has to have a lot of initiative to go out and introduce people to his product. I grouped sales all together because they all use the same principle and that is initiative. The sales person has many hours on the road traveling all over his district talking to people and just keeping up his public relations with the farmer, so when it comes time to sell his product he might have a edge up. This person is also very knowledgeable of everything he sells, since the buyer always has a question and they come to him when they want it answered. Also public speaking is a big part in this field, since meetings are required to introduce new products each year. C. Ground Truthing Mananger Ground truthing managers are involved with the managing of crop scouts, who survey crops. These managers are also involved with the growers in their project and keep up public relations with them. Managers will be called on to answer seed and chemical 1 questions and make recommendations to the growers, from the data collected by the scouts in the grower's respective fields. One needs to be knowledgeable in many aspects of agronomy, examples such as, soils, weeds, seed, crops, crop development and chemical knowledge are a must. Computer skills are used since there is handheld computers in the field, then the transfer of the information taken down at the field must be put onto another computer and sent to the headquarters for evaluation. D. Teacher Teachers provide insight to young aspiring agriculture students. Teachers take what they have learned in school and also from practical experience, and pass it on to the students in a form that can be taught or studied. Teachers are employed at schools as Vocational-Agriculture teachers. They may be required to head up the FFA chapter in that school and make all arrangements that go along with that. A graduate wishing to teach, but not on the high-school level, may try teaching at a university. Additional education will be needed such as an advanced degree or a master's degree. E. Farm Manager Farm manager's is a job where you can work from the comfort of your pick-up. You are in charge of some land that was put into your hands to manage. The manager is the middleman between a person who owns the ground and the person who rents it and raises a crop on it. He is

Irelands Big Wind, 1839

Ireland's Big Wind, 1839 In rural Irish communities of the early 1800s weather forecasting was anything but precise. There are many tales of people who were locally revered for accurately predicting turns in the weather. Yet without the science we now take for granted, weather events were often viewed through the prism of superstition. One particular storm in 1839 was so peculiar that rural folk in the west of Ireland, stunned by its ferocity, feared it could be the end of the world. Some blamed it on the â€Å"fairies,† and elaborate folk tales sprang from the event. Those who lived through the â€Å"Big Wind† never forgot it. And for that reason the horrendous storm became, seven decades later, a famous question formulated by the British bureaucrats who ruled Ireland. The Great Storm Battered  Ireland Snow fell across Ireland on Saturday, January 5, 1839. Sunday morning dawned with cloud cover that amounted to a typical Irish sky in winter. The day was warmer than usual, and the snow from the night before began to melt. By midday it began to rain heavily, and the precipitation coming in off the north Atlantic slowly spread eastward. By early evening heavy winds began to howl. And then on Sunday night an unforgettable fury was unleashed. Hurricane force winds began to batter the west and north of Ireland as a freak storm roared out of the Atlantic. For most of the night, until just before dawn, the winds mauled the countryside, uprooting large trees, tearing thatched roofs off houses, and toppling barns and church spires. There were even reports that grass was torn off hillsides. As the worst part of the storm occurred in the hours after midnight, families huddled in total darkness, terrified by the relentless howling winds and sounds of destruction. Some  homes caught fire when the bizarre winds blasted down chimneys, throwing hot embers from hearths throughout cottages. Casualties and Damage Newspaper reports claimed that more than 300 people were killed in the wind storm, but accurate figures are difficult to pin down. There were reports of houses collapsing on people as well as houses burning to the ground. There’s no doubt there was considerable loss of life as well as many injuries. Many thousands were made homeless, and the economic devastation inflicted on a population that was nearly always facing famine must have been massive. Stores of food meant to last through the winter had been destroyed and scattered. Livestock and sheep were killed in vast numbers. Wild animals and birds were likewise killed, and crows and jackdaws were nearly made extinct in some parts of the country. And it must be kept in mind that the storm struck in a time before government disaster response programs existed. The people affected essentially had to fend for themselves. The Big Wind In a Folklore Tradition The tural Irish believed in the â€Å"wee people,† what we think of today as leprechauns or fairies. And tradition held that the feast day of a particular saint, Saint Ceara, which was held on January 5, was when these supernatural beings would hold a great meeting. As the mighty wind storm had struck Ireland on the day after the feast of Saint Ceara, a storytelling tradition developed that the wee people held their grand meeting on the night of January 5, and decided to leave Ireland. As they left the following night, they created the Big Wind. Bureaucrats Used  The Big Wind as a Milestone The night of January 6, 1839 was so profoundly memorable that it was always known in Ireland as the Big Wind, or The Night of the Big Wind. The Night of the Big Wind forms an era, explained a reference book published in the early 20th century. Things date from it: such and such a thing happened before the Big Wind, when I was a boy. A quirk in Irish tradition was that birthdays were never celebrated in the 19th century, and no special heed was given to precisely how old someone was. Records of births were often not kept very carefully by civil authorities. This creates problems for genealogists today (who generally have to rely on church parish baptismal records). And it created problems for bureaucrats in the early 20th century. In 1909 the British government, which was still ruling Ireland, instituted a system of old age pensions. When dealing with the rural population of Ireland, where the written records might be scant, the ferocious storm that blew in from the north Atlantic 70 years earlier proved to be useful. One of the questions asked of elderly people was if they could remember the Big Wind. If they could, they qualified for a pension.

Maya Angelou, Writer and Civil Rights Activist

Maya Angelou, Writer and Civil Rights Activist Maya Angelou (born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928–May 28, 2014) was a celebrated poet, memoirist, singer, dancer, actor, and civil rights activist. Her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, a bestseller published in 1969 and nominated for the National Book Award, revealed her experiences growing up as an African-American during the Jim Crow Era. The book was one of the first written by an African-American woman to appeal to a mainstream readership. Fast Facts: Maya Angelou Known For: Poet, memoirist, singer, dancer, actor, and civil rights activistAlso Known As: Marguerite Annie JohnsonBorn: April 4, 1928 in St. Louis, MissouriParents: Bailey Johnson, Vivian Baxter JohnsonDied: May 28, 2014 in Winston-Salem, North CarolinaPublished Works: ï » ¿I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Gather Together in My Name, The Heart of a Womanï » ¿Awards and Honors: National Medal of Arts,  Presidential Medal of FreedomSpouse(s): Tosh Angelos, Paul du FeuChild: Guy JohnsonNotable Quote: My mission in life is not merely to survive, but to thrive; and to do so with some passion, some compassion, some humor, and some style. Early Life Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father Bailey Johnson was a doorman and navy dietitian. Her mother Vivian Baxter Johnson was a nurse. Angelou received her nickname from her older brother Bailey Jr., who couldnt pronounce her name so he called her Maya, which he derived from my sister. Angelous parents divorced when she was 3. She and her brother were sent to live with their paternal grandmother Anne Henderson in Stamps, Arkansas. Within four years, Angelou and her brother were taken to live with their mother in St. Louis. While living there, Angelou was raped before she turned 8 years old by her mother’s boyfriend. After she told her brother, the man was arrested and, upon his release, was killed, probably by Angelous uncles. His murder and the trauma surrounding it caused Angelou to be almost completely mute for five years. When Angelou was 14, she moved with her mother to San Francisco, California. She took lessons in dance and drama on a scholarship to the California Labor School and  graduated from George Washington High School. That same year, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her son Guy. She worked to support herself and her child as a cocktail waitress, cook, and dancer. Arts Career Begins In 1951, Angelou moved to New York City with her son and her husband Tosh Angelos so that she could study African dance with Pearl Primus. She also took modern dance classes. She returned to California and teamed with dancer and choreographer Alvin Ailey to perform at African-American fraternal organizations as â€Å"Al and Rita† throughout San Francisco. In 1954, Angelou’s marriage ended but she continued dancing. While performing at San Franciscos Purple Onion, Angelou decided to use the name Maya Angelou because it was distinctive. She combined the nickname her brother had given her with a new last name she derived from her former husbands surname. In 1959, Angelou became acquainted with novelist James O. Killens, who encouraged her to hone her skills as a writer. Moving back to New York City, Angelou joined the Harlem Writer’s Guild and began to publish her work. About the same time, Angelou landed a role in a State Department-sponsored production of George Gershwin’s folk opera  Porgy and Bess and toured 22 countries in Europe and Africa. She also studied dance with  Martha Graham.  Ã‚   Civil Rights The following year, Angelou met Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and she and Killens organized the Cabaret for Freedom benefit to raise money for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Angelou was appointed the SCLC’s northern coordinator.  Continuing her performance career, in 1961 she appeared in  Jean Genet’s play  The Blacks. Angelou became romantically involved with South African activist Vusumzi Make and moved to Cairo, where she worked as an associate editor for the Arab Observer. In 1962, Angelou moved to Accra, Ghana, where she worked at the University of Ghana and continued to hone her craft as a writer, working as a feature editor for The African Review, a freelancer for the Ghanaian Times, and a radio personality for Radio Ghana. While living in Ghana, Angelou became an active member of the African-American expatriate community, meeting and becoming a close friend of Malcolm X. When she returned to the United States in 1965, Angelou helped Malcolm X develop the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Before the organization could really begin working, however, he was assassinated. In 1968, while she was helping King organize a march, he, too, was assassinated. The death of these leaders inspired Angelou to write, produce, and narrate a 10-part documentary titled â€Å"Blacks, Blues, Black!† The following year, her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, was published by Random House to international acclaim. Four years later, Angelou published Gather Together in My Name, which told about her life as a single mother and budding performer. In 1976, Singin and Swingin and Gettin Merry Like Christmas was published. The Heart of a Woman followed in 1981. Sequels All God’s Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986), A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002), and Mom Me Mom (2013) came later. Other Highlights   In addition to publishing her autobiographical series, Angelou produced the film Georgia, Georgia in 1972.  The following year she  was nominated for a Tony Award for her role in Look Away. In 1977, Angelou played a supporting role in the Golden Globes-winning TV mini-series Roots. In 1981, Angelou was appointed the Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Then, in 1993, Angelou was chosen to recite her poem â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† at President Bill Clintons inauguration. In 2010, Angelou donated her personal papers and other items from her career to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The following year, President Barack Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the country’s highest civilian honor. Death Maya Angelou had been having health issues for many years and was suffering from heart problems when she died on May 28, 2014. She was found by her caretaker at her home in Winston-Salem, where she had taught for a number of years at Wake Forest University. She was 86. Legacy Maya Angelou was a trailblazer in achieving success in so many fields as an African-American woman. Immediate respondents to her passing indicated the breadth of her influence. They included singer  Mary J. Blige, U.S. Sen. Cory Booker, and President  Barack Obama. In addition to the National Medal of Arts presented by President Clinton and the  Presidential Medal of Freedom presented by President Obama, she was given the Literarian Award, an honorary National Book Award for contributions to the literary community. Before her death, Angelou had been awarded more than 50 honorary degrees. Sources Maya Angelou Biography. Biography.com.Maya Angelou: American Poet, Memorist, and Actress. Encyclopedia Britannica.Poet Maya Angelou. Poets.org.Maya Angelou. Poetryfoundation.org.

Effect of Hebal product on perception or Memory ( main focus will be Research Proposal

Effect of Hebal product on perception or Memory ( main focus will be on canabis) EFFECT OF Cannabis on memory or perception - Research Proposal Example The findings of the research will be shared with the public. The society has been keen to exploit the range of herbal products offered by Mother Nature for purposes that cut across recreation, medicine, and traditional practices. Researchers have proved through studies and experiments that herbal products like ginko Biloba can improve the power of concentration of an individual while giseng, a different herbal product, works well to sharpen memory (BBC, 2000). The range of herbal products would be used to better performance among learners as some are used to treat neurological disorders. Cannabis, botanically referred to as Cannabis sativa (National-Institute-on-drug-abuse, 2015), is also an herbal product that has found a whole range of uses. It has been used for entertainment and in medicine (Smith, 2014). This research study will focus on the implications of cannabis on an individual in the short and the long run. The study will serve to establish the chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans (CSAM, 2014). Societies across the globe are known to abuse the product while ignoring long-term effects of the product in the event of addiction (unit, 2015), (Filbey, 2014)). The research will offer evidence-based results on the chronic effects of the product in the human brain in terms of memory. The drive of this study is to establish the chronic effects of cannabis use on memory in human. The study will work to establish the particular part of the brain that is affected and how exactly that alters the memory of the individual. The study will identify the particular constituent of cannabis in the form of cannabinoids that has ability to impair and alter individual’s cognitive functioning that includes memory. The research shall be based on data and models established through previous research and studies, as well as gathered quantitative and qualitative data that shall be realized in this

The PR Function Video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The PR Function Video - Essay Example PR exists in effective communications and is most importantly under control of the media (Smith & Place, 2013). Business enterprises use the media to promote brands and images. Such undertakings continuously engage the public to identify with the respective companies. There exist numerous PR strategies. Notably, reputation of an organization is always at a stake whenever it or its stakeholders engage in activities that activities that might compromise public image. Therefore, every company must engage relevant agencies in building self-image and restoring public trust. Publicizing a business is only effective if the consumer response is positive and the target audience take no offense for the nature of brand display (Smith & Navarro, 2014). PR differs from advertising concerning the control of marketing media. For instance, a company has full control over what is put forward for the audience in advertising. Whether in television of newspaper columns, business dictates the kind of images to use for brand or service promotion. On the contrary, there are regulatory mechanisms for PR that restricts businesses. Such limitations mostly focus on protecting the audience (Bernays, 2013).The image of a company is highly significant than promoting products. Believability is the most important aspect of PR. Papasolomou, I., Thrassou, A., Vrontis, D., & Sabova, M. (2014). Marketing public relations: A consumer-focused strategic perspective. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 13 (1), 5-24. doi:10.1362/147539214X14024779343631 Smith, B. G., & Place, K. R. (2013). Integrating Power? Evaluating Public Relations Influence in an Integrated Communication Structure. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(2), 168-187.

Personal Theory Paper Essay Example for Free

Personal Theory Paper Essay Abstract This paper is the development of my personal theory on Christian Counseling. I use many scriptural references to support my beliefs and stress the importance of gaining wisdom and knowledge from the bible. It incorporates all of the presentations, readings, and critiques I did at Liberty University’s Theology and Spirituality in counseling course. I talk about how I integrate Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality into my Christian counseling and believe that they all have a lot to offer the Christian counselor. The role of integration and multitasking is necessary to be an effective Christian counselor under the guidelines of the American Association of Christian Counselors. The methods and skills of a beneficial Christian counselor is to recognize their limits and boundaries, continue education, fellowship, and present themselves in a Christ-like manner. Introduction This paper takes a look at numerous Christian authors and how their theories of counseling have influenced and helped me develop my own theory of counseling. Through multitasking any counselor can view a situation through many different perspectives. It is not one method that will bring about healing in a person, but an integration of numerous methods and theories. A close look at understanding human personality, where problems are developed, how to source problems and structure effective intervention, and looking at how my worldview influences my theory, outlines in detail the construction of my comprehensive counseling theory. What is Important for Understanding Human Personality? Personality As a counselor it is important to understand the development of a client’s personality and Dr. Hawkins (2006) presents a model of human personality through his concentric circles. God is in the center, then the Soul, Body, Temporal Systems, and on the outside Supernatural. When one system is not functioning properly other systems begin to be affected. Everyone was created in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:27). Christians are to strive to become Christ-like and this does not happen without discipline. Motivation The theories of Adam’s (1986) are based on 2 Timothy 3:16-17 which says, â€Å"All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.† Adam’s counseling relies on the Holy Spirit to convict the person to want to change after hearing the truth of the Word of God. He discredits psychology and believes that God is the only one needed to motivate a person to change. This is one of the more extreme theories and is correct in that God needs to be the main source one taps into. God, throughout the bible, used many different ways to motivate His people to change. One way was through a donkey that spoke to Balaam after he struck him three times for not moving (Numbers 22). â€Å"The angel of the LORD asked him, Why have you beaten your donkey these three times? I have come here to oppose you because your path is a reckless one before me. (Numbers 22:32 New International Version). There are many ways that God will use to motivate change. Dr. Wilson (2001), Backus, and Chapian (2000) take a different approach with one’s past hurts and his or her interpretation of them being what motivates them. When one is hurt by others they are more likely to continue the cycle of hurt. Romans 12:17 says, â€Å"Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of everyone (NIV).† Wilson did not want the person to minimize the wrong that has been done to them, but give it over to God and allow God to heal their wounds. Backus and Chapian feel that if one can change his or her thinking then they can change his or her future behaviors. They all agree that one’s past can either hinder them or push them forward to being motivated to change. Crabb (1986) believes growth and change are an ever changing process for both the counselor and the counselee. He feels that one is suffering from â€Å"unreachable goals, external circumstances and fear of failure† (p.  76). He takes the approach that the church can develop programs that can help those who want to change. The three general levels of counseling that Crabb presents are â€Å"Level I-Counseling By Encouragement, Level II- Counseling By Exhortation and Level III-Counseling By Enlightenment† (p. 190). The person acting as the counselor needs to build a relationship with the person for any level of his methods to really be effective. The relationship helps one to be motivated to open up and want to change. The process and ways to counsel are always changing. Knowing different theories, how to use them, and when to use them is what makes an effective counselor. Human Development Human development is an ongoing process of not just, Hawkins concentric circle known as, the body, but the soul. His Temporal Systems circle that includes family, friends, church, society, government, economy, and education are what help shape and develop these areas of one’s life. During this process of human development painful things happen and if not dealt with can cause damaging results later. The title of Wilson’s book, Hurt People Hurt People, is a perfect description of what can happen. Wilson, knowing change is not easy, said it best when she said, â€Å"We must enter the change process with open eyes. When we do, we’ll see that the necessary truth requires tears, time and even some terror† (p. 96). God reminds us in Philippians 4:13 that we â€Å"can do everything through Him who gives me strength.† The process of human development is not an easy or painless one, but in the end we become more like Christ, which is the ultimate goal. Individual Development The counseling process is not about one method working for every person, but each person being an individual with specific plans for change. This is why it is important to find out the clients culture, beliefs, and lifestyle experiences that have shaped them to this point. Western culture emphasizes individuality and coming into one’s own person, but not all cultures encourage this. This is why it is important to allow the client to be the educator during the assessment process. When forming a specific strategy for transformation counselors integrate his or her education and the knowledge they gained from the individual client, which then generates a platform for  discipline. One of these disciplines is learning boundaries, according to Cloud and Townsend (1999). Hebrews 12:11 says, â€Å"No discipline seems pleasant at the time, but painful. Later on, however, it produces a harvest of righteousness and peace for those who have been trained by it.† This is why Cloud and Townsend go on to say, â€Å"The painful discipline of boundaries will eventually bear good results in our lives† (p. 203). One does not change and become a whole individual overnight, but with hard work, discipline, and willingness to go through the process it can eventually happen. Where Problems are Developed Conceptualizing Health and Wellness A person needs to look past the â€Å"why† and focus on the healing. God understands that unpleasant things happen, but does not want one to dwell on the evil, because it can create even additional sickness. In creating complete physical and spiritual wholeness scripture, positive fellowship, and prayer are vital. Anderson (2006) recognizes how the different Temporal Systems, Hawkins presented, can negatively impact a person’s behavior. This then can manifest destructively into our physical bodies. One again overcomes this by binding it in the supernatural and allowing God to heal them from the inside out. God says, â€Å"He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds† (Psalms 147:3). The person needs to surround themselves with positive people who will uplift and encourage them. The different Temporal Systems can either affect one negatively or positively and some of that responsibility is on the person. Hart (2001) discusses some practical things that can be done to gain physical and spiritual wholeness. These things included, but were not limited to, sleep, healthy eating, exercise, and sometimes medication. Sleep and rest are one of the easiest and cheapest of the methods and also the one that is always put aside as unimportant. There are some cultures that set aside specific times in the day to rest, for different reasons. Christians need to learn from these cultures and also take heed to God when he said in Exodus 23:12, â€Å"Six days do your work, but on the seventh day do not work.† This scripture is not meant to be taken to the extreme, but to be understood that â€Å"The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath† (Mark 2:27). God wants us to understand the importance and power of rest in relationship to wellbeing. Psychological and Spiritual Illness There are times in life when one will experience spiritual brokenness and need to seek God and counsel for wholeness. The stories in the bible are not just for historical reasons, but to give us examples on how to live our lives. David was a man who endured many hardships and attacks, but he relied on God to be his protector and restorer. David at one point in his life went away to the Cave of Adullam, which means refuge. Sometimes the counseling setting is the place of refuge for the client and the counselor needs to allow God to guide and direct them in the healing process. David said a prayer to God, while in the cave, which began with vocalizing his anguish, but ends with: I cry to you, Lord; I say, â€Å"You are my refuge, my portion in the land of the living.† Listen to my cry, for I am in desperate need; rescue me from those who pursue me, for they are too strong for me. Set me free from my prison, that I may praise your name. Then the righteous will gather about me because of your goodness to me (Psalms 142:5-7). Counselors need to guide the counselee to a place of desperation and realization that there is freedom in Christ. There are many reasons for a client to be psychologically unhealthy and a counselor needs to do a thorough evaluation to measure the severity of it. This will benefit not only the client, but the counselor when deciding a treatment plan. There are some psychological and mental illnesses that a counselor is not equipped to handle and a referral to a psychiatrist might be needed. Anderson feels that most mental disorders are from the enemy and not due to chemical changes or neurological disorders. This way of thinking can be very dangerous for the client and the counselor. It does not matter where the psychological anguish comes from, but how to treat it. A counselor always wants to be competent in the treatment of psychological and spiritual illnesses or refer there client to another. Hart believes that anxiety is one of the leading psychological illnesses facing Americans today and counselors need to learn the different methods for treating it. He presents many different methods that could work for not only Christians, but for anyone struggling with anxiety. His advice, for how  to maintain a healthier body and soul, is practical and very relevant. The counselor needs to take the time to understand what each client is dealing with spiritually and psychologically. They need to have knowledge of many different theories and treatment methods for both and how to implement them. The client needs to determine if they want to incorporate God in their healing process. Once this is established the counselor can then work with the client on a treatment plan for healing. Role of Integration and Multitasking As a Christian counselor one needs to learn the skill of integrating psychological, theological and spiritual counseling methods into the counseling process. Crabb presents four ways Christian counselors integrate psychology, theology, and the bible into the counseling process. Separate but Equal (keeping them completely separate), Tossed Salad (blending of them all with no sifting of Psychology and theology), and Nothing Buttery (disregarding Psychology altogether), and a Spoiling the Egyptians approach (integrating them all into one’s counseling) are the four methods he presents. A Christian counselor is accountable to God and needs to rely on Him to show them how to integrate different methods of psychology and theology to the counseling process. The scriptures say it best in Titus 2:7-8, â€Å"In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching show integrity, seriousness and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have nothing bad to say about us.† Multitasking is the main component in discerning and recognizing the real needs of the client and is to be taken seriously. How to Source Problems and Structure Effective Intervention Key Elements of my Comprehensive Theory As a Christian counselor it is my job to educate myself on the numerous theories being used today and what I want to use in my own counseling practice. I do not agree with any one theory presented by the numerous authors, but gleaned from each one. I believe, like Crabb and Hawkins, that the problem at the surface is not necessarily the main issue that needs dealing with. I want to get to the root of issues and lead the client to complete wholeness and freedom. Galatians 5:1 says, â€Å"It is for freedom that  Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery.† Anderson talks about how one allows the enemy power in their lives and does not realize what little power he has. I recognize that educating Christians on the power of Christ and the authority they have over the enemy will empower them in the healing process. Adams methods are based on 2 Timothy 3:16-17 which says, â€Å"all scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.† I agree with him and this scripture verse, but I do not shut out psychology altogether like he does. Scriptures, like Isaiah 58: 6-11, have been an inspiration in my own personal healing. Isaiah 58:11 says, â€Å"The Lord will guide you always; he will satisfy your needs in a sun-scorched land and will strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail.† I know the power of knowing the scripture and implementing it in my life. This is why as a Christian counselor the use of scripture would be necessary in any healing process I choose for the client. I as a counselor want to be guided by the Lord and use whatever method he reveals to me to bring others healing in their lives. It is important to me, as a Christian counselor, to find a balance in the use of scripture, numerous theories, and psychology. Process and Techniques The counseling process is guided by many codes of ethics mainly set up by the American Counseling Association (ACA, 2012) and American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC, 2012). I personally am guided by the scripture, â€Å"brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable—if anything is excellent or praiseworthy—think about such things† (Philippians 4:8). The way one counsels will not be effective if the counselor is not acting in a moral and ethical way. Cloud and Townsend talk about the use of boundaries in all aspect of life. This is not just for the client to learn, but the counselor in relation to the counseling process. As a Christian counselor I do not want to turn anyone away and therefore need to know how to integrate many different techniques. Scripture is not just for the believer, but has many moral principles that can be used for anyone seeking  help. Jesus taught in parables, so that anyone could understand Him. I want implement techniques specific to each client in a way they will understand. Demonstration of Effectiveness I am a firm believer that to be an effective counselor I need to have allowed God to work in my life first. Mathew 7:3 says, Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brothers eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye?† This scripture is talking about not judging others, but the principle can be used for the counselor as well. How can one counsel on healing and freedom, when they themselves are not free? The counselor also needs to educate him or herself on various methods of treatment to be able to create specific and effective treatment plans for the client. It is important to be flexible in the process and allow room for the Holy Spirit to guide the sessions. Every client is unique and not one method will work for each situation. Hawkins’s concentric circles theory allows the counselor to listen to the client and learn from them. Counselor takes more time to listen to the client and find out what affects the person in each circle and what is important. This method of counseling allows for the counselor to be educated and for a more specific treatment plan to be developed. How my Worldview influences my Theory View of Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality I personally feel that psychology, theology, and spirituality all have a place in the counseling process. God is my guide and the one whom I filter everything through. I will not practice those theories that discredit the bible or go against biblical principles. Christian counselors need to study the scriptures and have a solid foundation to filter different theories through. Mathew 6:33 says, â€Å"Seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well.† When I seek God He will in turn give me wisdom as I learn about different methods and theories. Approach to Integration The mind obtains knowledge, but the heart and soul produce wisdom. An  effective counselor does not just seek knowledge, but wisdom. Counseling is a calling that in turn requires great responsibility, â€Å"We have wronged no one, we have corrupted no one, we have exploited no one† (2 Corinthians 7:2). I have an ethical and moral responsibility to my clients and can only maintain this with the help of Christ. Conclusion Through the different readings in this course and the knowledge obtained thus far, I was able to develop a foundation for my theories about the counseling process. I recognize the importance of knowing the bible and seeking God for wisdom on filtering different theories that are presented to me. There are many types of sicknesses spiritual, physical, and psychological and I now have more effective ways to handle each one. I will continue to develop this theory as I gain more knowledge and wisdom in this counseling program at Liberty University and during my many years of as counselor.

Explication of John Donnes The Flea :: John Donne Flea Essays

Explication of John Donne's The Flea John Donne's, "The Flea," is a persuasive poem in which the speaker is attempting to establish a sexual union with his significant other. However, based on the woman's rejection, the speaker twists his argument, making that which he requests seem insignificant. John Donne brings out and shapes this meaning through his collaborative use of conceit, rhythm, and rhyme scheme. In the beginning, Donne uses the flea as a conceit, to represent a sexual union with his significant other. For instance, in the first stanza a flea bites the speaker and woman. He responds to this incident by saying, "And in this flea our bloods mingled be." He is suggesting that they are united in this flea and ,thus, would equally be united in intimacy. In addition, he states, "This flea is you and I, and this our marriage bed, and marriage temple is." The speaker is suggesting that through the flea the two are married. Again, the flea represents marriage, union, and consummation through intimacy. However, the woman crushes the flea, thus, refusing his request, and states that neither she nor he is weakened by its death. Based on her reaction, the speaker states, "Tis true...Just so much honor, when they yield'st to me, Will waste, as this flea's death took life from thee." In other words, he twists his argument to make the point that the woman will lose as much giving herself to him as she lost killing the flea - NOTHING! Secondly, Donne's use of rhythm aids in shaping the poem's meaning. The poem has alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and pentameter. However, Donne varies this rhythm to create emphasis on particular words or phrases. For instance, in the first stanza he states, "Mark but this flea, and mark in this." Instead of beginning with an unstressed word or syllable as in iambic, Donne stresses the word "Mark." This is important in accentuating his argument.

Present and Potential use of the media spaces facilitated by digital communication technologies in Japan

Management guru Peter Drucker had commented that â€Å"the future was always already happening somewhere; it was just a question of spotting it†. Most people across the globe are aware of the technological breakthroughs and advances that the developed countries have made in the fields of science and technology. Asian countries take a backstage in development in such related areas. With the advent of globalization and liberalization of economies in Asia the flow of science and technology has rapidly swept the landscape of most of these countries that has led to huge pools of talent in the Information Technology and Mobile Telecommunications sector.Japan has been labeled as one of the most technologically innovative nations second to the United States. The country has witnessed significant growth in technology across various industrial segments ranging from automobiles to video games consoles. The Internet has assumed great significance in improved accessibility and communicatio n. It has revealed a whole new dimension to sharing and disseminating information across the globe with vast potentials to reap commercial and social benefits.The Internet has changed the way people perceive markets and commerce today in addition to the highly efficient networking benefits that it offers. Its global reach, high degree of interactivity, speed of information exchange, and the ability to connect people from various parts of the globe has rendered the Internet medium indispensable for most businesses and homes today. The World Wide Web is yet unexplored in terms of its potentials in conducting online business, technologies that can further enhance its interactivity features, and networking benefits that can be expanded in future.The components like e-mail, websites, social networking communities online, blogs, video conferencing, and net telephony have enabled efficient interaction between individuals from across the globe. Information and Communication Technologies (IC T) has created new enhanced mode of communication possible in the 21st century. This trend has heralded a series of innovations in the field of communication technologies enabling enhanced connectivity and platform for smoother interaction between individuals.An important aspect of technological development that has revolutionized the digital communication era is the mobile telephony. Widespread use of cellular technology to communicate freely from any place anytime has expanded the reach within individuals and the rapid penetration of this technology to both developed and underdeveloped economies has created tremendous opportunities for business growth. Growth and penetration of Internet in JapanThe Japanese economic growth is impressive in the Asian subcontinent constituting a major chunk of the high net worth individuals and progressive economic indicators. The country has a Gross National Income per capita of US$ 38,980 in the year 2006, as estimated by the World Bank. This has led to increasing number of people having the capacity to purchase latest gadgets and technological devices. The economy has witnessed rapid increase in the use of Internet and mobile technologies over the past few years.According World Internet Statistics, the percentage of population accessing Internet in Japan has risen from a mere 37. 1 percent in the year 2000 to 68 percent in the year 2007 with the total number of users increasing from 47,080,000 to 87,540,000. The broadband speed in Japan is eight to thirty times faster than the connectivity available in United States, as per Washington Post dated 29th August 2007. The article reports that the accessibility cost is much lower compared to prices in the US.Hence, â€Å"Japan has the world’s fastest Internet connection delivering more data at a lower cost than anywhere else. † (Washington Post) In light of these statistics it is evident that the Japanese economy is gaining rapid momentum in fields of technological development armed with a techno-savvy population that is willing to explore the new aspects of business commerce and instant communication trends. The growth and development in the fields of Information and Communication Technologies is directly correlated to a country’s economic growth and development.This sector has contributed significantly to the growth of the Japanese economy. The ICT sector contributed 0. 9 percent to the 2. 2 percent growth in GDP in the year 2005. The impact of the development in communication technologies is evident with the rise of electronic commerce and extensive use of the Internet for the purpose of business transactions. This has increased consumerism and sales of digital devices that are must haves for most individuals across the globe. Japan too is witnessing widespread consumerism for electronic devices and telecommunication services.The high-speed connection at low cost provided by the telecommunication service providers in this country has allowed efficient exchange of data and information online besides enabling high-definition teleconferencing and video chats. The number of people working from home is increasing owing to this efficient service. The government of Japan has facilitated rapid growth in this sector realizing the vital contribution that this will have on the overall economic growth and development. The role of digital communication technologies in globalization is vital.It is the rapid and efficient use of these technologies that has minimized the physical barriers and created a platform for smoother business transactions and information exchange across various corners of the globe without the hassle of traveling. The physical distance no longer poses a barrier to communities and businesses alike and the remarkable feature is the amount of time that is saved in communicating and transferring information from one corner of the globe to another. Japan has harnessed this sector to expand its economy and ot her related sectors that has benefited immensely from this sector.The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan states in its ICT report 2007 â€Å"The current state of global business development by the world’s major telecommunications carriers reveals that they are actively promoting global expansion by establishing local subsidiaries and through investment in local telecommunications carriers. † Telecommunication service providers are strongly vying against each other for increasing their market share since large number of individuals and businesses are opting for high-speed broadband connectivity and telephony services.The demand has been growing over the past few years and many international service providers are entering the market to capitalize on this market segment. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp (NTT) is a government controlled enterprise and currently is the largest telecommunication service provider in the country. But this company is faci ng severe competition from the entry of other multinationals. NTT launched the optical fiber system to provide connectivity at 100 megabits per second that is 17 times faster than the US cable connections.The Washington Post article states that approximately 8. 8 million homes in Japan have access to Internet using this optical fiber system. This has revolutionized many aspects of life in Japan. For instance, the high-resolution video conferencing has enabled pathologists to examine tissue samples from patients living in remote areas with the help of remote controlled microscopes. The high-quality image made possible with the use of optical fiber system has rendered huge benefits to people residing in areas that do not have easy access to large hospitals.The globalization and development in communication technologies have led to the growth of virtual organizations that are visible in the forms of virtual linkages with supply chain partners, outsourcing, virtual malls, or electronic market places and telework. The rise of virtual organizations was greatly facilitated by the innovative applications and developments in the field of Internet commerce. The e-commerce initially referred to exchange of stored data and information between related companies.Developments in scope of applications have enabled the suppliers and service providers to directly communicate with their customers online and this has created a whole new concept of business management. Businesses across the globe realize the huge potential that the e-commerce implies and are adopting new strategies to take advantage of the extensive consumer reach through the Internet. Digitization in Japan The rapid penetration of Information Technology and increased networking abilities in the country created the need for digitization of the various departments and institutions both in the public and private sector.Japan has carried out extensive digitization work in the last few years owing to the rapid penetra tion of Information Technology in all fields and industries. The United Nations report on digitization of the government department in Japan observes â€Å"the digitization of the administration is designed to make it more convenient for the people, simplify the administration and improve its efficiency and transparency, through the use of IT in every field of the administration and a review of existing systems and practices.†The various government departments have been streamlined using the new technology and telecommunication networking to achieve an effective coordination and information flow across departments. The need to regulate and monitor the flow of data and information becomes highly critical in all businesses. The government of Japan undertook special care to promote digitization across all public institutions as well as private sector to enable efficient management of the systems and promote improved quality of services to the nation. Cellular phone technology in JapanMobile phones have become an essential part of today’s life and it is difficult to imagine moving around without one of these gadgets in the pocket. This device is a new addition to the digital communication modes and has revolutionized the pace and ease of connectivity between individuals. Few years’ back the pagers had been launched and the instant messaging device had created a huge impact on means of communication. The portable device had been first launched in the year 1968 in Japan and was mainly used by sales representatives and doctors to send instant messages and communicate any kind of emergency requirements.The limitation of this device was that it could not be used to receive or make calls and could be used for receiving messages only. The car phone introduced by Japan in the year 1979 was the first of its kind in mobile telephones. This technology was gradually upgraded to take shape of the mobile phones used today. The current form of mobile phone s ervice started in the year 1987 in Japan. The high fees levied on the use of theses mobile phones rendered them exclusively for the use of business purpose. Initially they were too expensive for use by the general public.Within few years of its launch the mobile phone services became cheaper and more accessible to the public. The rapid popularity of these devices among the masses created a new type of consumerism trend that was capitalized by the telecommunication companies providing the consumers with innovative technologies at competitive prices. The craze for the latest gadget in mobile telephones led to the launch of devices that used advanced technology converging the functions of a watch, camera, and phone into one pocket-sized device.Further innovations and technological breakthroughs gave way to smart devices that could explore the Internet, carry on video conferencing, and download music and movies with sharp clarity and features that enabled smooth picture quality. The mob ile phones have evolved greatly as a communication tool. The digital Japanese mobile phone services facilitate exchange of information using both voice and data. The phones have been equipped with Java applications to stimulate the Internet functionalities that allows net surfing, email exchange and file transfers.Additional features including camera enables the user to shoot pictures, upload and download images, video recording facility, connect to television channels, tunes into radio, play downloaded music with built in speaker systems have added whole new dimension to the mobile phone technology. Mobile phones are now being termed as smart phones owing to their extensive utility and features. The present generation comprises of techno freaks that love possessing hi-fi gadgets with advanced features and enhanced technology.The mobile phones are being replaced by i-pods launched by Sony and Apple. These devices converge the functionalities of the web, phone, camera, music player, video player, and video gaming consoles. Most of the technology companies in Japan are using convergence strategy to blend multiple functionalities into one simple looking device that is easy to use and carry around. These devices are primarily targeted towards the younger generation. Convergence technology in JapanJapan is the leading pioneer in new and innovative technology related product development that has spelled huge success for its economic growth. It is one of the leading nations using the convergence strategy to expand market for highly advanced range of products blending functionalities of many components into a single device. According to Jun Tanaka, general manager in the product planning development division at Seiko Instruments â€Å"a good converged product reflects both complexity and subtlety. It can be complex in function yet condensed so it’s efficient in use and appearance.†It is based on these principles that the product Wrist Companion is design ed that incorporate the features of a cell-phone, personal computer, and Personal Digital Assistant. This can be worn on the wrist like a watch that makes it convenient to carry around unlike mobile phones that cannot be worn as an accessory. This is being launched by Seiko Instruments of Japan. The company claims to research the needs of the consumer for small and smart electronic devices that can be treated as a fashion accessory and yet meet the high tech needs of the users.Shortcomings of these technologies However, the efficiency of the individual functionalities may be blurred in the face of such multiple functioning devices. For instance, the camera attached to a mobile phone does not have the required clarity of images and a professional photographer would prefer to use a highly equipped camera specially suited for his needs. Similarly, the music player or video player built into the mobile phone does not have high resolution picture quality that can satisfy the user.It cann ot be compared to the home theatre system or normal television quality. This poses a serious limitation to the utility of such multi-functional devices. Another shortcoming of the use of these convergence technologies is the high cost involved in making these products that reflects on their market prices. The companies launching these products conduct extensive research that incurs huge costs before the product is finally launched into the markets Seiko Instruments conduct market surveys to research consumer needs and preferences before planning their product design.The Wrist Companion was designed after extensive market research and planning. The end product is sold in the market at a price of 20,000 to 30,000 yen. The Bluetooth mobile technology has also increased the price of the product in the market. However, consumers from higher income range are willing to pay the higher price of these sophisticated devices. These products may be out of reach for many individuals but the grow ing wealthy population in Japan has created huge market demand.These products are in high demand in international markets too with many countries importing electronic devices from Japan in bulk. This has influenced the trade balances of Japan positively over the past few decades. The growth and development of digital communication technologies has led to complete restructuring of the business processes and organizational strategies. Business corporations are using the information and communication technologies in areas that can directly impact the business efficiency and add value in terms of cost and benefits.The positive impacts of the use of these technologies in business ventures are felt in enhanced productivity, increased consumer reach, higher market shares, and efficient customer service. Another dimension to the benefits provided by the increased use of communication technologies is reflected in the change in life style of the individuals who are growing highly dependent on these devices for their day-to-day activities.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

The term Weapons of Mass Destruction has two indications. In its broader, literal sense, it is used to refer to weapons whose destructive power far surpasses that of guns or conventional explosives. However, the term is more often used in a narrower sense, to refer specifically to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, which raised awareness of America’s vulnerability, the United States has greatly intensified its efforts to stop the spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.When the president and other officials refer to â€Å"weapons of mass destruction,† they usually mean NBC weaponry. An organism or toxin found in nature is used in them that is meant to kill or incapacitate an enemy. Though there are different types and they are made up of different ingredients, they are all meant to kill and do significant destruction. The United States Military refers to them as â€Å"weapons that are capable of high order destruction and being used to destroy large numbers of people. † Many countries posses weapons of mass destruction for one main cause.Because they â€Å"generate a culture of fear†, they are held in reserve by countries as a scare tactic. They are set aside to be used as a threat, if another country were to use them, they would in turn be bombed with weapons of mass destruction. During the Cold War, the term â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† was primarily a reference to nuclear weapons. At the time, in the West the euphemism â€Å"strategic weapons† was used to refer to the American nuclear arsenal, which was presented as a necessary deterrent against nuclear or conventional attack from the Soviet Union.The term â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† continued to see periodic use throughout this time, usually in the context of nuclear arms control; Ronald Reagan used it during the 1986 Reykjavik Summit, when referring to the 1967 Outer Space Trea ty. Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, used the term in an 1989 speech to the United Nations, using it primarily in reference to chemical arms. The end of the Cold War reduced U. S. reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrent, causing it to shift its focus to disarmament. This period coincided with an increasing threat to U. S. nterests from Islamic nations and independent Islamic groups. With the 1990 invasion of Kuwait and 1991 Gulf War, Iraq's nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programs became a particular concern of the first Bush Administration. Following the war, Bill Clinton and other western politicians and media continued to use the term, usually in reference to ongoing attempts to dismantle Iraq's weapons programs. After the September 11, 2001 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks, an increased fear of non-conventional weapons and asymmetrical warfare took hold of the United States and other Western powers.This fear reached a crescendo with the 2002 Iraq disarmame nt crisis and the alleged existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became the primary justification for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. However, no WMD were found in Iraq. Due to the indiscriminate impact of WMDs, the fear of a WMD attack has shaped political policies and campaigns, fostered social movements, and has been the central theme of many films. Support for different levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and internationally.Yet understanding of the nature of the threats is not high, in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians and the media. Fear of WMD, or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD, has long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies. They include mobilization of pro- and anti-WMD campaigners alike, and generation of popular political support. The term WMD may be used as a powerful buzzword, or to generate a culture of fear. It is also used ambiguously, particularly by not distinguishing amo ng the different types of WMD.A television commercial called Daisy, promoting Democrat Lyndon Johnson's 1964 presidential candidacy, invoked the fear of a nuclear war and was an element in Johnson's subsequent election. More recently, the threat of potential WMD in Iraq was used by President George W. Bush to generate public support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of President Bush's arguments. As Paul Wolfowitz explained: â€Å"For bureaucratic reasons, we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction, because it was the one reason everyone could agree on. To date, however, Coalition forces have found mainly degraded artillery shells.There was almost no dissent on the issue. Molly Ivins wrote : â€Å"the ONLY source to report skeptically on the administration's claims about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction before the war? Knight-Ridder and its terrific reporters Warren Strobel and Jonathan Landay. â€Å". On Jun e 21, 2006, United States Senator Rick Santorum claimed that â€Å"We have found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, chemical weapons. According to the Washington Post, he was referring to 500 such shells â€Å"that had been buried near the Iranian border, and then long forgotten, by Iraqi troops during their eight-year war with Iran, which ended in 1988. † That night, â€Å"intelligence officials reaffirmed that the shells were old and were not the suspected weapons of mass destruction sought in Iraq after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. † The shells had been uncovered and reported on in 2004. In 2004 Polish troops found nineteen 1980s-era rocket warheads, thwarting an attempt by militants to buy them at $5000 each.Some of the rockets contained extremely deteriorated nerve agent. Limits on WMD by the US scare allied countries. The US nuclear umbrella is the primary contributor to the security of Europe and for Asia. Lack of confidence in the US umbrella causes European n ations to either build up their current arsenals, or embark on entirely new nuclear weapons programs. Nuclear proliferation in Europe causes massive instability there because of the threat it poses to Russia. Asian proliferation threatens conflicts with China.The odds that an asteroid that could potentially wipe out all life on earth are high. A massive asteroid may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. The only defense earth has against these asteroids is nuclear weapons. Were we to disarm completely, we would be unable to shoot down an incoming asteroid, condemning all life to extinction. The military-industrial complex is a powerful constituency in the US. Limits on one type of WMD scare the military-industrial complex. They will feel frightened that the US will be unable to defend itself without its current array of weaponry.To compensate, they will develop new forms of WMDs that are even more destructive, like nanotechnology. Any arms control initiative req uires a substantial outlay of money to implement. Decommissioning weapons systems takes funds. Verifiable agreements demand substantial investment in inspections and monitoring. The US cannot afford to spend more money, given the precarious situation its budget is in. Busting the budget could have a terrible effect on the economy, perhaps triggering an economic collapse

The concept “Lifting the veil of incorporation” essay

The concept â€Å"Lifting the veil of incorporation† essay The concept â€Å"Lifting the veil of incorporation† essay The concept â€Å"Lifting the veil of incorporation† essayBy using real life examples, discuss and explain why the concept of  «Lifting the Veil of Incorporation » is of imperative importance.Legal entity is separate, independent from its founders (the ability to own property, enter into commitments and act as a plaintiff, defendant in court). Immanent feature of independent nature of the legal entity defines limited liability of its founders: they are not liable for the obligations of a legal entity (ie, under the veil). Development and complication of civil law led to the need of development of a list of exceptions to this principle, mainly to counteract the abuse of law. This doctrine is known as the doctrine of lifting the veil of incorporation or piercing the veil of incorporation and is present in the corporate law of many countries, including France, Germany, the UK and the USA. English law is one of the most developed in this sphere. Basic principles of the indepen dence of the legal person were laid at the end of 19th century and since then they have been constantly actively developed and refined.In the UK, the concept of joint stock company, which is separate from its shareholders, was first introduced to the law by the Act of 1844 (Maltby 1998). Companies received limited liability later in 1855 (Cameron 2013). In 1862, there was adopted the first Companies Act (Pulbrook 1865), which has become a progenitor of Companies Act of 2006 (The National Archives 2007).Under the current law, companies are separate legal entities, and the responsibility of their participants may be limited (Bishop , Kleinberger 2008). That means that the company is not liable for the obligations of its members and directors, and members, as well as director – for the obligations of a limited liability company.There are few legislative exceptions to this rule. Thus, the insolvency law provides certain cases, when the director of the company or other responsibl e person may be compelled by a court to contribute to the assets of the company as a punishment for his illegal actions (Wormser 2001). In addition to regulations, rules established by case law are an important part of English law.  Content and origin of the doctrineThe doctrine of lifting the veil of incorporation admits the fundamental possibility of imposing liability for companys obligations to its controlling person. There can be an opposite situation, when the penalty for a person or entity is drawn to the assets the company under control. Sometimes shareholder himself requires piercing the veil of incorporation. This usually it concerns not obligations, but the rights of company, which shareholder wishes to have.Lifting the veil, in fact, means that for the purposes of the dispute (and only for this purpose), the Court acknowledges that the company is not separate entity from the controlling person, and attributes obligations and (or) rights of company to this person (Macmi llan 2000). However, lifting the veil is allowed only in certain exceptional circumstances, which are discussed below.Perhaps for the first time at a high judicial level the issue of removing the corporate veil was discussed in 1897 in the classical case of Salomon v A. Salomon Co Ltd from (Vast Blue Sky 2011). Majority owned 20001 share of the company, and his wife and children owed six more (under the law of time, company had to have at least seven shareholders). Despite the fact that the majority shareholder was in full control of the company (shoe factory), which later went bankrupt, the House of Lords, acting as a court of last resort, refused liquidator to entrust the shareholder liable for the debts of the company. The court took quite a formalistic position, stating that all the requirements of the law regarding the establishment of a limited liability company had been met, and the court had no right to add any additional requirements (Mann 2012).Present state of the issueS peaking about more modern precedents, we should remember the case of DHN Food Distributors v. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council (Kershaw 2002) in 1976. It was quite unusual in the sense that it controlling person of the company demanded lifting the veil. The parent company wanted to take the place of its sub-company. In this case, a piece of land in London was a subject for the compulsory buy for public needs. The land was formally owned by the company, which was part of DHN group holding company that owned grocery stores. Warehouse of DHN store was just on that land, and, by agreement with the sub-company, DHN had a right of perpetual lease. Its withdrawal led to the cessation of DHN business, and it could claim for damages if it owned the land. DHN applied to the court for lifting the veil of incorporation, referring to the fact that it completely controlled its sub-company. Namely, (1) it participated in the capital of the sub-company of 100%, (2) the directors of both compan ies were the same people, and (3) sub-company was used exclusively for holding land and did not conduct any independent activity. The Court agreed with the arguments of the plaintiff and the lifted the veil, allowing DHN receive compensation for withdrawal of the land instead of its sub-company (Dine 2005).Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council from 1978 was a very similar case, which ended with an opposite result (Talbot 2008). Commercial property in Glasgow, where there was a wedding dress shop, was forcibly bought for public use (highway construction). Since the case took place in Scotland, the trial courts were not British but Scottish, and the House of Lords became final authority. If the court recognized that the property belonged to the same person, leading retail business, that person would receive additional compensation for the deprivation of business. However, the plaintiff, who really controlled the whole business, organized asset ownership in a too complicated way. His share in the company, which owned real estate was 50%, while the share in the company leading business 99.9% (the remaining shares were owned by the wife of the plaintiff). Those circumstances did not allow the courts, following the logic of DHN case (it was not formal precedent for the courts of Scotland), pronounce judgment for plaintiff (Talbot 2008).In the important case of Adams v Cape Industries in 1990 (Thompson 1991), the Appeals Court considered the issue of lifting the veil of incorporation for jurisdictional purposes, ie for the purpose of determining the competent court. British company sold asbestos in the United States (before 1970) through its affiliated corporations in the United States. Subsequently, the workers of American factory sued a number of defendants including the British company for damages caused to the health of the plaintiffs when working with asbestos. Lawsuit for millions of dollars was satisfied by Texas court. However, the English court refused to enforce the decision of the American court, finding that the British company, which is not active in the USA, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the US court. And the reasons for lifting the veil (ie to make British company responsible for the obligations of American sub-company) were absent, because the affiliate in the United States was not a facade of the British company.In the same case, there was discussed the possibility of prosecution parent company to the liability for the obligations of its subsidiary on several other grounds, when the subsidiary is recognized as an agent of the parent company. Indeed, parent company is responsible for transactions made in his interest by the agent. However, you must prove the actual existence of the agency relationship, which, according to the Court, in this case has not been made. Control of one company over another does not mean the presence of the agency relationship between them. The court in this case distinguishes lifting the v eil of incorporation and imposing responsibility for subsidiary. In the latter case there is no need of deprivation status of a separate legal entity, ie the corporate veil remains in place.The present state of the doctrine of lifting the veil in England can be found in pretty exotic case of the High Court of England and Wales Hashem v Shayif in 2008 (Bainbridge 2010). It was between a citizen of Saudi Arabia and one of his wives under sharia law about real estate in England. Although the dispute relates generally to family law, it also touches issues of corporate law. The family property legally belonged to a legal entity a company in Jersey. The question was whether the wife after divorce could take that property, as if it belonged to her husband directly. The court eventually found that she could not. The main role was played by the fact that her husband owned only 30% stake in the company, and 70% were issued for his children (Mann 2012).This case describes in detail the ground s for applying the doctrine of lifting the veil of incorporation. Judge James Manby formulated the following items of the case law applicable to this case (Bainbridge 2010).Ownership and control are not sufficient criteria to remove the corporate veil.The Court can not remove the corporate veil only because it is in the interests of justice.Corporate veil can be removed only if there is impropriety.Impropriety itself is not enough. It should be associated with the use of the corporate structure to avoid or conceal liability.In order to remove the corporate veil, it is necessary to prove the presence of control, and the presence of impropriety, that is, the use of the company as a facade to hide violation of law (Gevurtz 2006).The problem of transition contractual obligationsDoctrine of lifting the veil received further development in the case Antonio Gramsci v Stepanovs (2011) (Nyombi 2014). The principle of lifting the veil of incorporation is often used for transition tort liabili ty from the company to its owner. In those cases there was an issue of transferring contractual obligations the same way. English courts have traditionally carefully treated the principle of privity of contract, according to which no one other than the parties of the contract have rights or obligations under this contract. Can a private nature of the contract be removed together with corporate veil? The courts in these two cases gave the opposite answers to this question, and ultimately it had to be addressed in the UK highest court (Nyombi 2014).The essence Antonio Gramsci v Stepanovs is the following. Latvian businessman S., being one of the directors of the Latvian Shipping Company leased the ships of his company through an offshore company, which was controlled by him and other directors of the shipping company. The offshore company accumulated profit. Subsequently, the Latvian Shipping Company initiated a lawsuit to recover lost profit. Freight agreement between shipowners and offshore companies contained prorogation clause that disputes had to be considered by the courts of England. The plaintiff appealed to the High Court to apply the doctrine of lifting corporate veil and bring to justice not only offshore companies, but also the entrepreneur based on solidarity.Judge Michael Burton determined that the removal of the corporate veil provides an opportunity to recognize an individual responsible for contractual obligations of the company he controlled. As a result, the judge found that the Latvian businessman is a party of contract signed by offshore company. The court found it possible to consider a claim for the entrepreneur, though he didn’t sign prorogation agreement (Palmiter 2006).Criminal legal contextAbove we discussed the principle of lifting the veil of incorporation only in the context of civil proceedings. Criminal cases have their own specifics. In the case of R v Seager (Bishop    Kleinberger 2012) (2009) the dispute was about whet her to consider the entire income of the company illegal and subject to confiscation income of its director, if the latter ran the company in spite of an injunction. Judge of Appellate Court Richard Aikens formulated the following specifics.In the context of criminal cases, courts have identified at least three situations when the corporate veil can be lifted. First, if the offender is trying to hide behind the corporate facade, or a veil to hide his crime and benefits from it. Secondly, if the offender commits an act on behalf of the company, which constitutes criminal offenses leading to his conviction. Third, if the transaction or commercial structures are device, cloak or sham, ie it an attempt to disguise the true nature of the transaction or structure to defraud third parties or the courts (Kershaw 2002).ConclusionDevelopment of civil law led to development of a list of exceptions to the principle that legal entity is separate and independent from its founders. This doctrine i s called lifting the veil of incorporation. It is present in the corporate law of many countries, including the UK, the USA, France, and Germany. English law is one of the most developed in this sphere. Basic principles of the independence of the legal person were laid at the end of 19th century and since then they have been constantly actively developed and refined.In the paper, we considered real life examples from the history of law and the cases of recent past. They show that the concept of  «lifting the veil of incorporation » is of imperative importance. And it is used not only in civil law, but can have criminal legal context too.

Indium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Indium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Indium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 49 Symbol: In Atomic Weight: 114.818 Discovery: Ferdinand Reich and T. Richter 1863 (Germany) Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p1 Word Origin: Latin indicum. Indium is named for the brilliant indigo line in the spectrum. Isotopes: Twenty-three isotopes of indium are known. Only one stable isotope, In-127, occurs naturally. Properties: The melting point of indium is 156.61  °C, boiling point is 2080  °C, specific gravity is 7.31 (20  °C), with a valence of 1, 2, or 3. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal. The metal has a brilliant luster and emits a high pitched sound when bent. Indium wets glass. Indium may be toxic, but further research is required to assess its effects. Uses: Indium is used in low melting point alloys, making bearing alloys, transistors, thermistors, photoconductors, and rectifiers. When plated or evaporated onto glass, it forms a mirror as good as that formed by silver, but with superior resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Sources: Indium often is associated with zinc materials. It is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Element Classification: Metal Indium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 7.31 Melting Point (K): 429.32 Boiling Point (K): 2353 Appearance: very soft, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 166 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 15.7 Covalent Radius (pm): 144 Ionic Radius: 81 (3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.234 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 3.24 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 225.1 Debye Temperature (K): 129.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.78 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 558.0 Oxidation States: 3 Lattice Structure: Tetragonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.590    References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)    Return to the Periodic Table Chemistry Encyclopedia

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) - Essay Example As a result of this, many corporations resolved to embark on the programs of CSR in an attempt to offset their effects on the society along with improving their corporate practices in general. Companies that decide to implement a CSR program start out by discussing the program in their codes of ethics and mission statements so that the interested parties and stockholders become aware of the program. Many companies presently have a separate CSR department that not only ensures that the company’s CSR program is noticed by the public but also manages the social programs of the company. Companies generally vary in the scope of their CSR program. A vast majority of the companies start implementing the CSR program at home by offering more health benefits and higher wages to their employees. Addressing the corporate suppliers is usually the step that follows that tends to create a constant supply chain with practices that are ethically justifiable. The advantages of having a CSR program mainly include good reputation in the market and in the eyes of the consumers, increased brand loyalty on the part of the consumers, and a competitive advantage for the companies particularly when they bid for contracts. The disadvantages of having a CSR program include incurring extra cost to do the operations that can otherwise be done in a cost-effective manner, though the latter would be more unfriendly toward the environment or the society at large. Many companies these days have a trend of adding a charitable aspect to their CSR programs. An example of this can be sponsor initiatives directed at the development of the community in the regions where coffee is produced by a company that produces and sells coffee. Likewise, a company that produces oil might take measures for the restoration of habitat in a region that has historically been used for the extraction of oil. In addition to that, many companies add this charitable aspect by donating funds to the charities of their own